End of Product LifecycleActive development and support for MySQL database server versions 3.23, 4.0, and 4.1 has ended. However, for MySQL 4.0 and 4.1, there is still extended support available. For details, see http://www.mysql.com/company/legal/lifecycle/#calendar. According to the MySQL Lifecycle Policy (see http://www.mysql.com/company/legal/lifecycle/#policy), only Security and Severity Level 1 issues will still be fixed for MySQL 4.0 and 4.1. Please consider upgrading to a recent version (MySQL 5.0 or 5.1).

This chapter describes how to obtain and install MySQL. A summary of the procedure follows and later sections provide the details. If you plan to upgrade an existing version of MySQL to a newer version rather than install MySQL for the first time, see Section 2.11.1, “Upgrading MySQL”, for information about upgrade procedures and about issues that you should consider before upgrading.

Determine whether MySQL runs and is supported on your platform. Please note that not all platforms are equally suitable for running MySQL, and that not all platforms on which MySQL is known to run are officially supported by Sun Microsystems, Inc. See Section 2.1.1, “Operating Systems On Which MySQL Is Known To Run”, for details.
Choose which distribution to install. Several versions of MySQL are available, and most are available in several distribution formats. You can choose from pre-packaged distributions containing binary (precompiled) programs or source code. When in doubt, use a binary distribution. We also provide public access to our current source tree for those who want to see our most recent developments and help us test new code. To determine which version and type of distribution you should use, see Section 2.1.2, “Choosing Which MySQL Distribution to Install”.
Download the distribution that you want to install. For instructions, see Section 2.1.3, “How to Get MySQL”. To verify the integrity of the distribution, use the instructions in Section 2.1.4, “Verifying Package Integrity Using MD5 Checksums or GnuPG”.
Install the distribution. To install MySQL from a binary distribution, use the instructions in Section 2.2, “Standard MySQL Installation Using a Binary Distribution”. To install MySQL from a source distribution or from the current development source tree, use the instructions in Section 2.9, “MySQL Installation Using a Source Distribution”.
If you encounter installation difficulties, see Section 2.12, “Operating System-Specific Notes”, for information on solving problems for particular platforms.
Perform any necessary post-installation setup. After installing MySQL, read Section 2.10, “Post-Installation Setup and Testing”. This section contains important information about making sure the MySQL server is working properly. It also describes how to secure the initial MySQL user accounts, which have no passwords until you assign passwords. The section applies whether you install MySQL using a binary or source distribution.
If you want to run the MySQL benchmark scripts, Perl support for MySQL must be available. See Section 2.14, “Perl Installation Notes”.

2.1. General Installation Issues

2.1.1. Operating Systems On Which MySQL Is Known To Run
2.1.2. Choosing Which MySQL Distribution to Install
2.1.3. How to Get MySQL
2.1.4. Verifying Package Integrity Using MD5 Checksums or GnuPG
2.1.5. Installation Layouts

Before installing MySQL, you should do the following:

Determine whether MySQL runs on your platform.
Choose a distribution to install.
Download the distribution and verify its integrity.

This section contains the information necessary to carry out these steps. After doing so, you can use the instructions in later sections of the chapter to install the distribution that you choose.

2.1.1. Operating Systems On Which MySQL Is Known To Run

This section lists the operating systems on which MySQL is known to run.

Important

Sun Microsystems, Inc. does not necessarily provide official support for all the platforms listed in this section. For information about those platforms that are officially supported, see MySQL Server Supported Platforms on the MySQL Web site.

We use GNU Autoconf, so it is possible to port MySQL to all modern systems that have a C++ compiler and a working implementation of POSIX threads. (Thread support is needed for the server. To compile only the client code, the only requirement is a C++ compiler.)

MySQL has been reported to compile successfully on the following combinations of operating system and thread package.

AIX 4.x, 5.x with native threads. See Section 2.12.5.3, “IBM-AIX notes”.
Amiga.
FreeBSD 5.x and up with native threads.
HP-UX 11.x with the native threads. See Section 2.12.5.2, “HP-UX Version 11.x Notes”.
Linux, builds on all fairly recent Linux distributions with glibc 2.3. See Section 2.12.1, “Linux Notes”.
Mac OS X. See Section 2.12.2, “Mac OS X Notes”.
NetBSD 1.3/1.4 Intel and NetBSD 1.3 Alpha. See Section 2.12.4.2, “NetBSD Notes”.
Novell NetWare 6.0 and 6.5. See Section 2.7, “Installing MySQL on NetWare”.
OpenBSD 2.5 and with native threads. OpenBSD earlier than 2.5 with the MIT-pthreads package. See Section 2.12.4.3, “OpenBSD 2.5 Notes”.
SCO OpenServer 5.0.X with a recent port of the FSU Pthreads package. See Section 2.12.5.8, “SCO UNIX and OpenServer 5.0.x Notes”.
SCO Openserver 6.0.x. See Section 2.12.5.9, “SCO OpenServer 6.0.x Notes”.
SCO UnixWare 7.1.x. See Section 2.12.5.10, “SCO UnixWare 7.1.x and OpenUNIX 8.0.0 Notes”.
SGI Irix 6.x with native threads. See Section 2.12.5.7, “SGI Irix Notes”.
Solaris 2.5 and above with native threads on SPARC and x86. See Section 2.12.3, “Solaris Notes”.
Tru64 Unix. See Section 2.12.5.5, “Alpha-DEC-UNIX Notes (Tru64)”.
Windows 9x, Me, NT, 2000, XP, and Windows Server 2003. See Section 2.3, “Installing MySQL on Windows”.

MySQL has also been known to run on other systems in the past. See Section 2.12, “Operating System-Specific Notes”. Some porting effort might be required for current versions of MySQL on these systems.

Not all platforms are equally well-suited for running MySQL. How well a certain platform is suited for a high-load mission-critical MySQL server is determined by the following factors:

General stability of the thread library. A platform may have an excellent reputation otherwise, but MySQL is only as stable as the thread library it calls, even if everything else is perfect.
The capability of the kernel and the thread library to take advantage of symmetric multi-processor (SMP) systems. In other words, when a process creates a thread, it should be possible for that thread to run on a CPU different from the original process.
The capability of the kernel and the thread library to run many threads that acquire and release a mutex over a short critical region frequently without excessive context switches. If the implementation of pthread_mutex_lock() is too anxious to yield CPU time, this hurts MySQL tremendously. If this issue is not taken care of, adding extra CPUs actually makes MySQL slower.
General file system stability and performance.
If your tables are large, performance is affected by the ability of the file system to deal with large files at all and to deal with them efficiently.
Our level of expertise here at Sun Microsystems, Inc. with the platform. If we know a platform well, we enable platform-specific optimizations and fixes at compile time. We can also provide advice on configuring your system optimally for MySQL.
The amount of testing we have done internally for similar configurations.
The number of users that have run MySQL successfully on the platform in similar configurations. If this number is high, the likelihood of encountering platform-specific surprises is much smaller.

2.1.2. Choosing Which MySQL Distribution to Install

2.1.2.1. Choosing Which Version of MySQL to Install
2.1.2.2. Choosing a Distribution Format
2.1.2.3. How and When Updates Are Released
2.1.2.4. MySQL Binaries Compiled by Sun Microsystems, Inc.

When preparing to install MySQL, you should decide which version to use. MySQL development occurs in several release series, and you can pick the one that best fits your needs. After deciding which version to install, you can choose a distribution format. Releases are available in binary or source format.

2.1.2.1. Choosing Which Version of MySQL to Install

The first decision to make is whether you want to use a production (stable) release or a development release. In the MySQL development process, multiple release series co-exist, each at a different stage of maturity:

MySQL 6.0 is the current development release series.
MySQL 5.1 is the current General Availability (Production) release series. New releases are issued for bugfixes only; no new features are being added that could effect stability.
MySQL 5.0 is the previous stable (production-quality) release series.
MySQL 4.1, 4.0, and 3.23 are old stable (production-quality) release series. MySQL 4.1 is now at the end of the product lifecycle. Active development and support for these versions has ended.
Extended support for MySQL 4.1 remains available. According to the MySQL Lifecycle Policy, only Security and Severity Level 1 issues are still being fixed for MySQL 4.1.

We do not believe in a complete code freeze because this prevents us from making bugfixes and other fixes that must be done. By “somewhat frozen” we mean that we may add small things that should not affect anything that currently works in a production release. Naturally, relevant bugfixes from an earlier series propagate to later series.

Normally, if you are beginning to use MySQL for the first time or trying to port it to some system for which there is no binary distribution, go with the General Availability release series. Currently, this is MySQL 5.1. All MySQL releases, even those from development series, are checked with the MySQL benchmarks and an extensive test suite before being issued.

If you are running an older system and want to upgrade, but do not want to take the chance of having a nonseamless upgrade, you should upgrade to the latest version in the same release series you are using (where only the last part of the version number is newer than yours). We have tried to fix only fatal bugs and make only small, relatively “safe” changes to that version.

If you want to use new features not present in the production release series, you can use a version from a development series. Note that development releases are not as stable as production releases.

If you want to use the very latest sources containing all current patches and bugfixes, you can use one of our Bazaar repositories. These are not “releases” as such, but are available as previews of the code on which future releases are to be based.

The MySQL naming scheme uses release names that consist of three numbers and a suffix; for example, mysql-4.1.2-alpha. The numbers within the release name are interpreted like this:

The first number (4) is the major version and also describes the file format. All version 4 releases have the same file format.
The second number (1) is the release level. Taken together, the major version and release level constitute the release series number.
The third number (2) is the version number within the release series. This is incremented for each new release. Usually you want the latest version for the series you have chosen.

For each minor update, the last number in the version string is incremented. When there are major new features or minor incompatibilities with previous versions, the second number in the version string is incremented. When the file format changes, the first number is increased.

Release names also include a suffix to indicates the stability level of the release. Releases within a series progress through a set of suffixes to indicate how the stability level improves. The possible suffixes are:

alpha indicates that the release is for preview purposes only. Known bugs should be documented in the News section (see Appendix B, MySQL Change History). Most alpha releases implement new commands and extensions. Active development that may involve major code changes can occur in an alpha release. However, we do conduct testing before issuing a release.
beta indicates that the release is appropriate for use with new development. Within beta releases, the features and compatibility should remain consistent. However, beta releases may contain numerous and major unaddressed bugs.
All APIs, externally visible structures, and columns for SQL statements will not change during future beta, release candidate, or production releases.
rc indicates a Release Candidate. Release candidates are believed to be stable, having passed all of MySQL's internal testing, and with all known fatal runtime bugs fixed. However, the release has not been in widespread use long enough to know for sure that all bugs have been identified. Only minor fixes are added. (A release candidate is what formerly was known as a gamma release.)
If there is no suffix, it indicates that the release is a General Availability (GA) or Production release. GA releases are stable, having successfully passed through all earlier release stages and are believed to be reliable, free of serious bugs, and suitable for use in production systems. Only critical bugfixes are applied to the release.

MySQL uses a naming scheme that is slightly different from most other products. In general, it is usually safe to use any version that has been out for a couple of weeks without being replaced by a new version within the same release series.

All releases of MySQL are run through our standard tests and benchmarks to ensure that they are relatively safe to use. Because the standard tests are extended over time to check for all previously found bugs, the test suite keeps getting better.

All releases have been tested at least with these tools:

An internal test suite
The mysql-test directory contains an extensive set of test cases. We run these tests for every server binary. See Section 18.1.2, “MySQL Test Suite”, for more information about this test suite.
The MySQL benchmark suite
This suite runs a range of common queries. It is also a test to determine whether the latest batch of optimizations actually made the code faster. See Section 7.1.4, “The MySQL Benchmark Suite”.
The crash-me test
This test tries to determine what features the database supports and what its capabilities and limitations are. See Section 7.1.4, “The MySQL Benchmark Suite”.

We also test the newest MySQL version in our internal production environment, on at least one machine. We have more than 100GB of data to work with.

2.1.2.2. Choosing a Distribution Format

After choosing which version of MySQL to install, you should decide whether to use a binary distribution or a source distribution. In most cases, you should probably use a binary distribution, if one exists for your platform. Binary distributions are available in native format for many platforms, such as RPM files for Linux or PKG package installers for Mac OS X or Solaris. Distributions also are available as Zip archives or compressed tar files.

Reasons to choose a binary distribution include the following:

Binary distributions generally are easier to install than source distributions.
To satisfy different user requirements, we provide two different binary versions. One is compiled with the core feature set. The other (MySQL-Max) is compiled with an extended feature set. Both versions are compiled from the same source distribution. All native MySQL clients can connect to servers from either MySQL version.
The extended MySQL binary distribution is identified by the -max suffix and is configured with the same options as mysqld-max. See Section 5.2, “The mysqld-max Extended MySQL Server”.
For RPM distributions, if you want to use the MySQL-Max RPM, you must first install the standard MySQL-server RPM.

Under some circumstances, you may be better off installing MySQL from a source distribution:

You want to install MySQL at some explicit location. The standard binary distributions are ready to run at any installation location, but you might require even more flexibility to place MySQL components where you want.
You want to configure mysqld to ensure that features are available that might not be included in the standard binary distributions. Here is a list of the most common extra options that you may want to use to ensure feature availability:
- --with-berkeley-db (not available on all platforms)
- --with-raid
- --with-libwrap
- --with-named-z-libs (this is done for some of the binaries)
- --with-debug[=full]
You want to configure mysqld without some features that are included in the standard binary distributions. For example, distributions normally are compiled with support for all character sets. If you want a smaller MySQL server, you can recompile it with support for only the character sets you need.
You have a special compiler (such as pgcc) or want to use compiler options that are better optimized for your processor. Binary distributions are compiled with options that should work on a variety of processors from the same processor family.
You want to use the latest sources from one of the Bazaar repositories to have access to all current bugfixes. For example, if you have found a bug and reported it to the MySQL development team, the bugfix is committed to the source repository and you can access it there. The bugfix does not appear in a release until a release actually is issued.
You want to read (or modify) the C and C++ code that makes up MySQL. For this purpose, you should get a source distribution, because the source code is always the ultimate manual.
Source distributions contain more tests and examples than binary distributions.

2.1.2.3. How and When Updates Are Released

MySQL is evolving quite rapidly and we want to share new developments with other MySQL users. We try to produce a new release whenever we have new and useful features that others also seem to have a need for.

We also try to help users who request features that are easy to implement. We take note of what our licensed users want, and we especially take note of what our support customers want and try to help them in this regard.

No one is required to download a new release. The News section helps you determine whether the new release has something you really want. See Appendix B, MySQL Change History.

We use the following policy when updating MySQL:

Releases are issued within each series. For each release, the last number in the version is one more than the previous release within the same series.
Production (stable) releases are meant to appear about 1-2 times a year. However, if small bugs are found, a release with only bugfixes is issued.
Working releases/bugfixes to old releases are meant to appear about every 4-8 weeks.
Binary distributions for some platforms are made by us for major releases. Other people may make binary distributions for other systems, but probably less frequently.
We make fixes available as soon as we have identified and corrected small or noncritical but annoying bugs. The fixes are available immediately from our public Bazaar repositories, and are included in the next release.
If by any chance a fatal bug is found in a release, our policy is to fix it in a new release as soon as possible. (We would like other companies to do this, too!)

2.1.2.4. MySQL Binaries Compiled by Sun Microsystems, Inc.

As a service of Sun Microsystems, Inc., we provide a set of binary distributions of MySQL that are compiled on systems at our site or on systems where supporters of MySQL kindly have given us access to their machines.

In addition to the binaries provided in platform-specific package formats, we offer binary distributions for a number of platforms in the form of compressed tar files (.tar.gz files). See Section 2.2, “Standard MySQL Installation Using a Binary Distribution”.

RPM distributions prior to MySQL 3.22 are user-contributed. Beginning with MySQL 3.22, RPM distributions that we make available through our Web site are generated by MySQL AB.

For Windows distributions, see Section 2.3, “Installing MySQL on Windows”.

These distributions are generated using the script Build-tools/Do-compile, which compiles the source code and creates the binary tar.gz archive using scripts/make_binary_distribution.

These binaries are configured and built with the following compilers and options. This information can also be obtained by looking at the variables COMP_ENV_INFO and CONFIGURE_LINE inside the script bin/mysqlbug of every binary tar file distribution.

Anyone who has more optimal options for any of the following configure commands can mail them to the MySQL internals mailing list. See Section 1.5.1, “MySQL Mailing Lists”.

If you want to compile a debug version of MySQL, you should add --with-debug or --with-debug=full to the following configure commands and remove any -fomit-frame-pointer options.

The following binaries are built on our own development systems:

Linux 2.4.xx x86 with gcc 2.95.3:

CFLAGS="-O2 -mcpu=pentiumpro" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O2 -mcpu=pentiumpro
-felide-constructors" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
--with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client
--enable-local-infile --enable-assembler --disable-shared
--with-client-ldflags=-all-static --with-mysqld-ldflags=-all-static

Linux 2.4.x x86 with icc (Intel C++ Compiler 8.1 or later releases):

CC=icc CXX=icpc CFLAGS="-O3 -unroll2 -ip -mp -no-gcc -restrict"
CXXFLAGS="-O3 -unroll2 -ip -mp -no-gcc -restrict" ./configure
--prefix=/usr/local/mysql --localstatedir=/usr/local/mysql/data
--libexecdir=/usr/local/mysql/bin --with-extra-charsets=complex
--enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --enable-assembler
--disable-shared --with-client-ldflags=-all-static
--with-mysqld-ldflags=-all-static --with-embedded-server --with-innodb

Note that versions 8.1 and newer of the Intel compiler have separate drivers for 'pure' C (icc) and C++ (icpc); if you use icc version 8.0 or older for building MySQL, you will need to set CXX=icc.

Linux 2.4.xx Intel Itanium 2 with ecc (Intel C++ Itanium Compiler 7.0):

CC=ecc CFLAGS="-O2 -tpp2 -ip -nolib_inline" CXX=ecc CXXFLAGS="-O2
-tpp2 -ip -nolib_inline" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
--with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client
--enable-local-infile

Linux 2.4.xx Intel Itanium with ecc (Intel C++ Itanium Compiler 7.0):

CC=ecc CFLAGS=-tpp1 CXX=ecc CXXFLAGS=-tpp1 ./configure
--prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex
--enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile

Linux 2.4.xx alpha with ccc (Compaq C V6.2-505 / Compaq C++ V6.3-006):

CC=ccc CFLAGS="-fast -arch generic" CXX=cxx CXXFLAGS="-fast -arch
generic -noexceptions -nortti" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
--with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client
--enable-local-infile --with-mysqld-ldflags=-non_shared
--with-client-ldflags=-non_shared --disable-shared

Linux 2.x.xx ppc with gcc 2.95.4:

CC=gcc CFLAGS="-O3 -fno-omit-frame-pointer" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3
-fno-omit-frame-pointer -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions
-fno-rtti" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
--localstatedir=/usr/local/mysql/data --libexecdir=/usr/local/mysql/bin
--with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client
--enable-local-infile --disable-shared --with-embedded-server
--with-innodb

Linux 2.4.xx s390 with gcc 2.95.3:

CFLAGS="-O2" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O2 -felide-constructors" ./configure
--prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex
--enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --disable-shared
--with-client-ldflags=-all-static --with-mysqld-ldflags=-all-static

Linux 2.4.xx x86_64 (AMD64) with gcc 3.2.1:

CXX=gcc ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
--with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client
--enable-local-infile --disable-shared

Sun Solaris 8 x86 with gcc 3.2.3:

CC=gcc CFLAGS="-O3 -fno-omit-frame-pointer" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3
-fno-omit-frame-pointer -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions
-fno-rtti" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
--localstatedir=/usr/local/mysql/data --libexecdir=/usr/local/mysql/bin
--with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client
--enable-local-infile --disable-shared --with-innodb

Sun Solaris 8 SPARC with gcc 3.2:

CC=gcc CFLAGS="-O3 -fno-omit-frame-pointer" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3
-fno-omit-frame-pointer -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions
-fno-rtti" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
--with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client
--enable-local-infile --enable-assembler --with-named-z-libs=no
--with-named-curses-libs=-lcurses --disable-shared

Sun Solaris 8 SPARC 64-bit with gcc 3.2:

CC=gcc CFLAGS="-O3 -m64 -fno-omit-frame-pointer" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3
-m64 -fno-omit-frame-pointer -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions
-fno-rtti" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
--with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client
--enable-local-infile --with-named-z-libs=no
--with-named-curses-libs=-lcurses --disable-shared

Sun Solaris 9 SPARC with gcc 2.95.3:

CC=gcc CFLAGS="-O3 -fno-omit-frame-pointer" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3
-fno-omit-frame-pointer -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions
-fno-rtti" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
--with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client
--enable-local-infile --enable-assembler --with-named-curses-libs=-lcurses
--disable-shared

Sun Solaris 9 SPARC with cc-5.0 (Sun Forte 5.0):

CC=cc-5.0 CXX=CC ASFLAGS="-xarch=v9" CFLAGS="-Xa -xstrconst -mt
-D_FORTEC_ -xarch=v9" CXXFLAGS="-noex -mt -D_FORTEC_ -xarch=v9"
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex
--enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --enable-assembler
--with-named-z-libs=no --enable-thread-safe-client --disable-shared

IBM AIX 4.3.2 ppc with gcc 3.2.3:

CFLAGS="-O2 -mcpu=powerpc -Wa,-many " CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O2
-mcpu=powerpc -Wa,-many -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions
-fno-rtti" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
--with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client
--enable-local-infile --with-named-z-libs=no --disable-shared

IBM AIX 4.3.3 ppc with xlC_r (IBM Visual Age C/C++ 6.0):

CC=xlc_r CFLAGS="-ma -O2 -qstrict -qoptimize=2 -qmaxmem=8192"
CXX=xlC_r CXXFLAGS ="-ma -O2 -qstrict -qoptimize=2 -qmaxmem=8192"
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --localstatedir=/usr/local/mysql/data
--libexecdir=/usr/local/mysql/bin --with-extra-charsets=complex
--enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --with-named-z-libs=no
--disable-shared --with-innodb

IBM AIX 5.1.0 ppc with gcc 3.3:

CFLAGS="-O2 -mcpu=powerpc -Wa,-many" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O2 -mcpu=powerpc
-Wa,-many -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti" ./configure
--prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex
--enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --with-named-z-libs=no
--disable-shared

IBM AIX 5.2.0 ppc with xlC_r (IBM Visual Age C/C++ 6.0):

CC=xlc_r CFLAGS="-ma -O2 -qstrict -qoptimize=2 -qmaxmem=8192"
CXX=xlC_r CXXFLAGS="-ma -O2 -qstrict -qoptimize=2 -qmaxmem=8192"
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --localstatedir=/usr/local/mysql/data
--libexecdir=/usr/local/mysql/bin --with-extra-charsets=complex
--enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --with-named-z-libs=no
--disable-shared --with-embedded-server --with-innodb

HP-UX 10.20 pa-risc1.1 with gcc 3.1:

CFLAGS="-DHPUX -I/opt/dce/include -O3 -fPIC" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-DHPUX
-I/opt/dce /include -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti
-O3 -fPIC" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
--with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client
--enable-local-infile --with-pthread --with-named-thread-libs=-ldce
--with-lib-ccflags=-fPIC --disable-shared

HP-UX 11.00 pa-risc with aCC (HP ANSI C++ B3910B A.03.50):

CC=cc CXX=aCC CFLAGS=+DAportable CXXFLAGS=+DAportable ./configure
--prefix=/usr/local/mysql --localstatedir=/usr/local/mysql/data
--libexecdir=/usr/local/mysql/bin --with-extra-charsets=complex
--enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --disable-shared
--with-embedded-server --with-innodb

HP-UX 11.11 pa-risc2.0 64bit with aCC (HP ANSI C++ B3910B A.03.33):

CC=cc CXX=aCC CFLAGS=+DD64 CXXFLAGS=+DD64 ./configure
--prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex
--enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --disable-shared

HP-UX 11.11 pa-risc2.0 32bit with aCC (HP ANSI C++ B3910B A.03.33):

CC=cc CXX=aCC CFLAGS="+DAportable" CXXFLAGS="+DAportable" ./configure
--prefix=/usr/local/mysql --localstatedir=/usr/local/mysql/data
--libexecdir=/usr/local/mysql/bin --with-extra-charsets=complex
--enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --disable-shared
--with-innodb

HP-UX 11.22 ia64 64bit with aCC (HP aC++/ANSI C B3910B A.05.50):

CC=cc CXX=aCC CFLAGS="+DD64 +DSitanium2" CXXFLAGS="+DD64 +DSitanium2"
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --localstatedir=/usr/local/mysql/data
--libexecdir=/usr/local/mysql/bin --with-extra-charsets=complex
--enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --disable-shared
--with-embedded-server --with-innodb

Apple Mac OS X 10.2 powerpc with gcc 3.1:

CC=gcc CFLAGS="-O3 -fno-omit-frame-pointer" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3
-fno-omit-frame-pointer -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions
-fno-rtti" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
--with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client
--enable-local-infile --disable-shared

FreeBSD 4.7 i386 with gcc 2.95.4:

CFLAGS=-DHAVE_BROKEN_REALPATH ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
--with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client
--enable-local-infile --enable-assembler --with-named-z-libs=not-used
--disable-shared

FreeBSD 4.7 i386 using LinuxThreads with gcc 2.95.4:

CFLAGS="-DHAVE_BROKEN_REALPATH -D__USE_UNIX98 -D_REENTRANT
-D_THREAD_SAFE -I/usr/local/include/pthread/linuxthreads"
CXXFLAGS="-DHAVE_BROKEN_REALPATH -D__USE_UNIX98 -D_REENTRANT
-D_THREAD_SAFE -I/usr/local/include/pthread/linuxthreads" ./configure
--prefix=/usr/local/mysql --localstatedir=/usr/local/mysql/data
--libexecdir=/usr/local/mysql/bin --enable-thread-safe-client
--enable-local-infile --enable-assembler
--with-named-thread-libs="-DHAVE_GLIBC2_STYLE_GETHOSTBYNAME_R
-D_THREAD_SAFE -I /usr/local/include/pthread/linuxthreads
-L/usr/local/lib -llthread -llgcc_r" --disable-shared
--with-embedded-server --with-innodb

QNX Neutrino 6.2.1 i386 with gcc 2.95.3qnx-nto 20010315:

CC=gcc CFLAGS="-O3 -fno-omit-frame-pointer" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3
-fno-omit-frame-pointer -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions
-fno-rtti" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
--with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client
--enable-local-infile --disable-shared

The following binaries are built on third-party systems kindly provided to Sun Microsystems, Inc. by other users. These are provided only as a courtesy; we do not have full control over these systems, so we can provide only limited support for the binaries built on them.

SCO Unix 3.2v5.0.7 i386 with gcc 2.95.3:

CFLAGS="-O3 -mpentium" LDFLAGS=-static CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3 -mpentium
-felide-constructors" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
--with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client
--enable-local-infile --with-named-z-libs=no --enable-thread-safe-client
--disable-shared

SCO UnixWare 7.1.4 i386 with CC 3.2:

CC=cc CFLAGS="-O" CXX=CC ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
--with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client
--enable-local-infile --with-named-z-libs=no --enable-thread-safe-client
--disable-shared --with-readline

SCO OpenServer 6.0.0 i386 with CC 3.2:

CC=cc CFLAGS="-O" CXX=CC ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
--with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client
--enable-local-infile --with-named-z-libs=no --enable-thread-safe-client
--disable-shared --with-readline

Compaq Tru64 OSF/1 V5.1 732 alpha with cc/cxx (Compaq C V6.3-029i / DIGITAL C++ V6.1-027):

CC="cc -pthread" CFLAGS="-O4 -ansi_alias -ansi_args -fast -inline
speed -speculate all" CXX="cxx -pthread" CXXFLAGS="-O4 -ansi_alias
-fast -inline speed -speculate all -noexceptions -nortti" ./configure
--prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex
--enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile
--with-named-thread-libs="-lpthread -lmach -lexc -lc" --disable-shared
--with-mysqld-ldflags=-all-static

SGI Irix 6.5 IP32 with gcc 3.0.1:

CC=gcc CFLAGS="-O3 -fno-omit-frame-pointer" CXXFLAGS="-O3
-fno-omit-frame-pointer -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions
-fno-rtti" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
--with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client
--enable-local-infile --disable-shared

FreeBSD/sparc64 5.0 with gcc 3.2.1:

CFLAGS=-DHAVE_BROKEN_REALPATH ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
--localstatedir=/usr/local/mysql/data --libexecdir=/usr/local/mysql/bin
--with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client
--enable-local-infile --disable-shared --with-innodb

The following compile options have been used for binary packages that we have provided in the past. These binaries no longer are being updated, but the compile options are listed here for reference purposes.

Linux 2.2.xx SPARC with egcs 1.1.2:

CC=gcc CFLAGS="-O3 -fno-omit-frame-pointer" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3
-fno-omit-frame-pointer -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions
-fno-rtti" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
--with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client
--enable-local-infile --enable-assembler --disable-shared

Linux 2.2.x with x686 with gcc 2.95.2:

CFLAGS="-O3 -mpentiumpro" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3 -mpentiumpro
-felide-constructors -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti" ./configure
--prefix=/usr/local/mysql --enable-assembler
--with-mysqld-ldflags=-all-static --disable-shared
--with-extra-charsets=complex

SunOS 4.1.4 2 sun4c with gcc 2.7.2.1:

CC=gcc CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3 -felide-constructors" ./configure
--prefix=/usr/local/mysql --disable-shared --with-extra-charsets=complex
--enable-assembler

SunOS 5.5.1 (and above) sun4u with egcs 1.0.3a or 2.90.27 or gcc 2.95.2 and newer:

CC=gcc CFLAGS="-O3" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3 -felide-constructors
-fno-exceptions -fno-rtti" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
--with-low-memory --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-assembler

SunOS 5.6 i86pc with gcc 2.8.1:

CC=gcc CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS=-O3 ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
--with-low-memory --with-extra-charsets=complex

BSDI BSD/OS 3.1 i386 with gcc 2.7.2.1:

CC=gcc CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS=-O ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
--with-extra-charsets=complex

BSDI BSD/OS 2.1 i386 with gcc 2.7.2:

CC=gcc CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS=-O3 ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
--with-extra-charsets=complex

AIX 4.2 with gcc 2.7.2.2:

CC=gcc CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS=-O3 ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
--with-extra-charsets=complex

2.1.3. How to Get MySQL

Check our downloads page at http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/ for information about the current version of MySQL and for downloading instructions. For a complete up-to-date list of MySQL download mirror sites, see http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/mirrors.html. You can also find information there about becoming a MySQL mirror site and how to report a bad or out-of-date mirror.

Our main mirror is located at http://mirrors.sunsite.dk/mysql/.

2.1.4. Verifying Package Integrity Using MD5 Checksums or `GnuPG`

2.1.4.1. Verifying the MD5 Checksum
2.1.4.2. Signature Checking Using GnuPG
2.1.4.3. Signature Checking Using RPM

After you have downloaded the MySQL package that suits your needs and before you attempt to install it, you should make sure that it is intact and has not been tampered with. There are three means of integrity checking:

MD5 checksums
Cryptographic signatures using GnuPG, the GNU Privacy Guard
For RPM packages, the built-in RPM integrity verification mechanism

The following sections describe how to use these methods.

If you notice that the MD5 checksum or GPG signatures do not match, first try to download the respective package one more time, perhaps from another mirror site. If you repeatedly cannot successfully verify the integrity of the package, please notify us about such incidents, including the full package name and the download site you have been using, at <webmaster@mysql.com> or <build@mysql.com>. Do not report downloading problems using the bug-reporting system.

2.1.4.1. Verifying the MD5 Checksum

After you have downloaded a MySQL package, you should make sure that its MD5 checksum matches the one provided on the MySQL download pages. Each package has an individual checksum that you can verify with the following command, where package_name is the name of the package you downloaded:

shell> md5sum package_name

Example:

shell> md5sum mysql-standard-4.0.17-pc-linux-i686.tar.gz
60f5fe969d61c8f82e4f7f62657e1f06  mysql-standard-4.0.17-pc-linux-i686.tar.gz

You should verify that the resulting checksum (the string of hexadecimal digits) matches the one displayed on the download page immediately below the respective package.

Note

Make sure to verify the checksum of the archive file (for example, the .zip or .tar.gz file) and not of the files that are contained inside of the archive.

Note that not all operating systems support the md5sum command. On some, it is simply called md5, and others do not ship it at all. On Linux, it is part of the GNU Text Utilities package, which is available for a wide range of platforms. You can download the source code from http://www.gnu.org/software/textutils/ as well. If you have OpenSSL installed, you can use the command openssl md5 package_name instead. A Windows implementation of the md5 command line utility is available from http://www.fourmilab.ch/md5/. winMd5Sum is a graphical MD5 checking tool that can be obtained from http://www.nullriver.com/index/products/winmd5sum.

2.1.4.2. Signature Checking Using `GnuPG`

Another method of verifying the integrity and authenticity of a package is to use cryptographic signatures. This is more reliable than using MD5 checksums, but requires more work.

Beginning with MySQL 4.0.10 (February 2003), MySQL AB started signing downloadable packages with GnuPG (GNU Privacy Guard). GnuPG is an Open Source alternative to the very well-known Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) by Phil Zimmermann. See http://www.gnupg.org/ for more information about GnuPG and how to obtain and install it on your system. Most Linux distributions ship with GnuPG installed by default. For more information about OpenPGP, see http://www.openpgp.org/.

To verify the signature for a specific package, you first need to obtain a copy of our public GPG build key, which you can download from http://keyserver.pgp.com/. The key that you want to obtain is named build@mysql.com. Alternatively, you can cut and paste the key directly from the following text:

-----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
Version: GnuPG v1.0.6 (GNU/Linux)
Comment: For info see http://www.gnupg.org
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NSoNV5u51RnrVKie34hMBBARAgAMBQJBgcsBBYMGItmLAAoJEBhZ0B9ne6HsQo0A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AgAMBQI+TU2EBYMJV1cIAAoJEC27dr+t1MkzBQwAoJU+RuTVSn+TI+uWxUpT82/d
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EGbv28jNgv0+P7wAn13uu8YkhwfNMJJhWdpK2/qM/4AQAJ40drnKW2qJ5EEIJwtx
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rc3s07Fync9g7MfairMAoIUefSNKrGTsTxvLeyH4DLzJW/QFiHsEMBECADsFAkJ3
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MKUj6rJNsUDmDq1GiJdOjySjtCFjYADlQYSD7zcd1vpqQLThnZBESvEoCqumEfOP
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TFiOxEU3gJvXc1+h0BsxM7FwBZnuMA8LEA+UdQb76YcyuFBcROhmcEUTiducLu84
E2BZ2NSBdymRQKSinhvXsEWlH6Txm1gtJLynYsvPi4B4JxKbb+awnFPusL8W+gfz
jbygeKdyqzYgKj3M79R3geaY7Q75Kxl1UogiOKcbI5VZvg47OQCWeeERnejqEAdx
EQiwGA/ARhVOP/1l0LQA7jg2P1xTtrBqqC2ufDB+v+jhXaCXxstKSW1lTbv/b0d6
454UaOUV7RisN39pE2zFvJvY7bwfiwbUJVmYLm4rWJAEOJLIDtDRtt2h8JahDObm
3CWkpadjw57S5v1c/mn+xV9yTgVx5YUfC/788L1HNKXfeVDq8zbAiQIiBBMBAgAM
BQJCnwocBYMFBZpwAAoJENjCCglaJFfPIT4P/25zvPp8ixqV85igs3rRqMBtBsj+
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cW/AUbouXH3GRTu3Or68ouhaSbi7nF/e+fnlWOdJ3VpD15CdRxeIvhycEahNs5Yj
f0RzLOCyXMF0L74w+NxBNwDunolRWw/qgAHcVBaDni25SjQRzxuwzxvcS/jYua5B
Pk10ocbAexdM+2XSSWThtCTg5qMeyLLUExqGlPbuNaMmUyIlz4hYnSaCGQoe33bq
z/KZ91/keR1DVzK+zPm2vJUjcXHvxd5Jh9C+67CqnYfXf2lcYSSDSfop1Q5611la
F7vRgY0/DXKNYlPUiEwEGBECAAwFAkeslPwFCQ0wWN8ACgkQjHGNO1By4fWlzgCf
Qj3rkfcljYZOuLOn50J7PFuF7FoAnjwWGhwVi9+Fm2B5RZvpo++BBkdP
=Xquv
-----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----

To import the build key into your personal public GPG keyring, use gpg --import. For example, if you have saved the key in a file named mysql_pubkey.asc, the import command looks like this:

shell> gpg --import mysql_pubkey.asc
gpg: key 5072E1F5: public key "MySQL Package signing key (www.mysql.com) <build@mysql.com>" imported
gpg: Total number processed: 1
gpg:               imported: 1
gpg: no ultimately trusted keys found

You can also download the key from the public keyserver using the public key id, 5072E1F5:

shell> gpg --recv-keys 5072E1F5
gpg: requesting key 5072E1F5 from hkp server subkeys.pgp.net
gpg: key 5072E1F5: "MySQL Package signing key (www.mysql.com) <build@mysql.com>" 2 new signatures
gpg: no ultimately trusted keys found
gpg: Total number processed: 1
gpg:         new signatures: 2

If you want to import the key into your RPM configuration to validate RPM install packages, you should be able to import the key directly:

shell> rpm --import mysql_pubkey.asc

If you experience problems, try exporting the key from gpg and importing:

shell> gpg --export -a 5072e1f5 > 5072e1f5.asc
shell> rpm --import 5072e1f5.asc

Alternatively, rpm also supports loading the key directly from a URL, and you cas use this manual page:

shell> rpm --import http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/4.1/en/checking-gpg-signature.html

After you have downloaded and imported the public build key, download your desired MySQL package and the corresponding signature, which also is available from the download page. The signature file has the same name as the distribution file with an .asc extension. For example:

Distribution file	`mysql-standard-4.0.17-pc-linux-i686.tar.gz`
Signature file	`mysql-standard-4.0.17-pc-linux-i686.tar.gz.asc`

Make sure that both files are stored in the same directory and then run the following command to verify the signature for the distribution file:

shell> gpg --verify package_name.asc

Example:

shell> gpg --verify mysql-standard-4.0.17-pc-linux-i686.tar.gz.asc
gpg: Warning: using insecure memory!
gpg: Signature made Mon 03 Feb 2003 08:50:39 PM MET
using DSA key ID 5072E1F5
gpg: Good signature from
     "MySQL Package signing key (www.mysql.com) <build@mysql.com>"

The Good signature message indicates that everything is all right. You can ignore any insecure memory warning you might obtain.

See the GPG documentation for more information on how to work with public keys.

2.1.4.3. Signature Checking Using `RPM`

For RPM packages, there is no separate signature. RPM packages have a built-in GPG signature and MD5 checksum. You can verify a package by running the following command:

shell> rpm --checksig package_name.rpm

Example:

shell> rpm --checksig MySQL-server-4.1.26-0.glibc23.i386.rpm
MySQL-server-4.1.26-0.glibc23.i386.rpm: md5 gpg OK

Note

If you are using RPM 4.1 and it complains about (GPG) NOT OK (MISSING KEYS: GPG#5072e1f5), even though you have imported the MySQL public build key into your own GPG keyring, you need to import the key into the RPM keyring first. RPM 4.1 no longer uses your personal GPG keyring (or GPG itself). Rather, it maintains its own keyring because it is a system-wide application and a user's GPG public keyring is a user-specific file. To import the MySQL public key into the RPM keyring, first obtain the key as described in Section 2.1.4.2, “Signature Checking Using GnuPG”. Then use rpm --import to import the key. For example, if you have saved the public key in a file named mysql_pubkey.asc, import it using this command:

shell> rpm --import mysql_pubkey.asc

If you need to obtain the MySQL public key, see Section 2.1.4.2, “Signature Checking Using GnuPG”.

2.1.5. Installation Layouts

This section describes the default layout of the directories created by installing binary or source distributions provided by Sun Microsystems, Inc.. A distribution provided by another vendor might use a layout different from those shown here.

On Windows, the default installation directory is C:\mysql. With MySQL version 4.1.5 and higher, this has changed to C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 4.1, where 4.1 is the major version of the installation. The folder has the following subdirectories:

Directory	Contents of Directory
`bin`	Client programs and the mysqld server
`data`	Log files, databases
`Docs`	Manual in CHM format
`examples`	Example programs and scripts
`include`	Include (header) files
`lib`	Libraries
`scripts`	Utility scripts
`share`	Error message files

Installations created from our Linux RPM distributions result in files under the following system directories:

Directory	Contents of Directory
`/usr/bin`	Client programs and scripts
`/usr/sbin`	The mysqld server
`/var/lib/mysql`	Log files, databases
`/usr/share/info`	Manual in Info format
`/usr/share/man`	Unix manual pages
`/usr/include/mysql`	Include (header) files
`/usr/lib/mysql`	Libraries
`/usr/share/mysql`	Error message and character set files
`/usr/share/sql-bench`	Benchmarks

On Unix, a tar file binary distribution is installed by unpacking it at the installation location you choose (typically /usr/local/mysql) and creates the following directories in that location:

Directory	Contents of Directory
`bin`	Client programs and the mysqld server
`data`	Log files, databases
`docs`	Manual in Info format
`man`	Unix manual pages
`include`	Include (header) files
`lib`	Libraries
`scripts`	mysql_install_db
`share/mysql`	Error message files
`sql-bench`	Benchmarks

A source distribution is installed after you configure and compile it. By default, the installation step installs files under /usr/local, in the following subdirectories:

Directory	Contents of Directory
`bin`	Client programs and scripts
`include/mysql`	Include (header) files
`Docs`	Manual in Info, CHM formats
`man`	Unix manual pages
`lib/mysql`	Libraries
`libexec`	The mysqld server
`share/mysql`	Error message files
`sql-bench`	Benchmarks and `crash-me` test
`var`	Databases and log files

Within its installation directory, the layout of a source installation differs from that of a binary installation in the following ways:

The mysqld server is installed in the libexec directory rather than in the bin directory.
The data directory is var rather than data.
mysql_install_db is installed in the bin directory rather than in the scripts directory.
The header file and library directories are include/mysql and lib/mysql rather than include and lib.

You can create your own binary installation from a compiled source distribution by executing the scripts/make_binary_distribution script from the top directory of the source distribution.

2.2. Standard MySQL Installation Using a Binary Distribution

The next several sections cover the installation of MySQL on platforms where we offer packages using the native packaging format of the respective platform. (This is also known as performing a “binary install.”) However, binary distributions of MySQL are available for many other platforms as well. See Section 2.8, “Installing MySQL from tar.gz Packages on Other Unix-Like Systems”, for generic installation instructions for these packages that apply to all platforms.

See Section 2.1, “General Installation Issues”, for more information on what other binary distributions are available and how to obtain them.

2.3. Installing MySQL on Windows

2.3.1. Choosing An Installation Package
2.3.2. Installing MySQL with the Automated Installer
2.3.3. Using the MySQL Installation Wizard
2.3.4. Using the Configuration Wizard
2.3.5. Installing MySQL from a Noinstall Zip Archive
2.3.6. Extracting the Install Archive
2.3.7. Creating an Option File
2.3.8. Selecting a MySQL Server Type
2.3.9. Starting the Server for the First Time
2.3.10. Starting MySQL from the Windows Command Line
2.3.11. Starting MySQL as a Windows Service
2.3.12. Testing The MySQL Installation
2.3.13. Troubleshooting a MySQL Installation Under Windows
2.3.14. Upgrading MySQL on Windows
2.3.15. MySQL on Windows Compared to MySQL on Unix

A native Windows distribution of MySQL has been available since version 3.21 and represents a sizable percentage of the daily downloads of MySQL. This section describes the process for installing MySQL on Windows.

With the release of MySQL 4.1.5, MySQL AB has introduced a new installer for the Windows version of MySQL, combined with a new GUI Configuration Wizard. This combination automatically installs MySQL, creates an option file, starts the server, and secures the default user accounts.

Note

If you are upgrading MySQL from an existing installation older than MySQL 4.1.5, you must first perform the procedure described in Section 2.3.14, “Upgrading MySQL on Windows”.

To run MySQL on Windows, you need the following:

A 32-bit Windows operating system such as 9x, Me, NT, 2000, XP, Vista, or Windows Server 2003.
A Windows NT-based operating system (NT, 2000, XP, Vista, 2003) permits you to run the MySQL server as a service. The use of a Windows NT-based operating system is strongly recommended. See Section 2.3.11, “Starting MySQL as a Windows Service”.
Generally, you should install MySQL on Windows using an account that has administrator rights. Otherwise, you may encounter problems with certain operations such as editing the PATH environment variable or accessing the Service Control Manager.
TCP/IP protocol support.
Enough space on the hard drive to unpack, install, and create the databases in accordance with your requirements (generally a minimum of 200 megabytes is recommended.)

For a list of limitations within the Windows version of MySQL, see Section C.3.3, “Windows Platform Limitations”.

There may also be other requirements, depending on how you plan to use MySQL:

If you plan to connect to the MySQL server via ODBC, you need a Connector/ODBC driver. See Chapter 17, Connectors and APIs.
If you need tables with a size larger than 4GB, install MySQL on an NTFS or newer file system. Don't forget to use MAX_ROWS and AVG_ROW_LENGTH when you create tables. See Section 12.1.5, “CREATE TABLE Syntax”.

MySQL for Windows is available in several distribution formats:

Binary distributions are available that contain a setup program that installs everything you need so that you can start the server immediately. Another binary distribution format contains an archive that you simply unpack in the installation location and then configure yourself. For details, see Section 2.3.1, “Choosing An Installation Package”.
The source distribution contains all the code and support files for building the executables using the Visual Studio 7.1 compiler system.

Generally speaking, you should use a binary distribution that includes an installer. It is simpler to use than the others, and you need no additional tools to get MySQL up and running. The installer for the Windows version of MySQL, combined with a GUI Configuration Wizard, automatically installs MySQL, creates an option file, starts the server, and secures the default user accounts.

The following section describes how to install MySQL on Windows using a binary distribution. To use an installation package that does not include an installer, follow the procedure described in Section 2.3.5, “Installing MySQL from a Noinstall Zip Archive”. To install using a source distribution, see Section 2.9.6, “Installing MySQL from Source on Windows”.

MySQL distributions for Windows can be downloaded from http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/. See Section 2.1.3, “How to Get MySQL”.

2.3.1. Choosing An Installation Package

Starting with MySQL version 4.1.5, there are three install packages to choose from when installing MySQL on Windows. The Packages are as follows:

The Essentials Package: This package has a file name similar to mysql-essential-4.1.13a-win32.msi and contains the minimum set of files needed to install MySQL on Windows, including the Configuration Wizard. This package does not include optional components such as the embedded server and benchmark suite.
The Complete Package: This package has a file name similar to mysql-4.1.13a-win32.zip and contains all files needed for a complete Windows installation, including the Configuration Wizard. This package includes optional components such as the embedded server and benchmark suite.
The Noinstall Archive: This package has a file name similar to mysql-noinstall-4.1.13a-win32.zip and contains all the files found in the Complete install package, with the exception of the Configuration Wizard. This package does not include an automated installer, and must be manually installed and configured.

The Essentials package is recommended for most users. It is provided as an .msi file for use with the Windows Installer. The Complete and Noinstall distributions are packaged as Zip archives. To use them, you must have a tool that can unpack .zip files.

Your choice of install package affects the installation process you must follow. If you choose to install either the Essentials or Complete install packages, see Section 2.3.2, “Installing MySQL with the Automated Installer”. If you choose to install MySQL from the Noinstall archive, see Section 2.3.5, “Installing MySQL from a Noinstall Zip Archive”.

2.3.2. Installing MySQL with the Automated Installer

Starting with MySQL 4.1.5, users can use the new MySQL Installation Wizard and MySQL Configuration Wizard to install MySQL on Windows. The MySQL Installation Wizard and MySQL Configuration Wizard are designed to install and configure MySQL in such a way that new users can immediately get started using MySQL.

The MySQL Installation Wizard and MySQL Configuration Wizard are available in the Essentials and Complete install packages. They are recommended for most standard MySQL installations. Exceptions include users who need to install multiple instances of MySQL on a single server host and advanced users who want complete control of server configuration.

If you are installing a version of MySQL prior to MySQL 4.1.5, please follow the instructions for installing MySQL from the Noinstall installation package. See Section 2.3.5, “Installing MySQL from a Noinstall Zip Archive”.

2.3.3. Using the MySQL Installation Wizard

2.3.3.1. Introduction to the Installation Wizard
2.3.3.2. Downloading and Starting the MySQL Installation Wizard
2.3.3.3. Choosing an Install Type
2.3.3.4. The Custom Install Dialog
2.3.3.5. The Confirmation Dialog
2.3.3.6. Changes Made by MySQL Installation Wizard
2.3.3.7. Upgrading MySQL with the Installation Wizard

2.3.3.1. Introduction to the Installation Wizard

MySQL Installation Wizard is an installer for the MySQL server that uses the latest installer technologies for Microsoft Windows. The MySQL Installation Wizard, in combination with the MySQL Configuration Wizard, allows a user to install and configure a MySQL server that is ready for use immediately after installation.

The MySQL Installation Wizard is the standard installer for all MySQL server distributions, version 4.1.5 and higher. Users of previous versions of MySQL need to shut down and remove their existing MySQL installations manually before installing MySQL with the MySQL Installation Wizard. See Section 2.3.3.7, “Upgrading MySQL with the Installation Wizard”, for more information on upgrading from a previous version.

Microsoft has included an improved version of their Microsoft Windows Installer (MSI) in the recent versions of Windows. MSI has become the de-facto standard for application installations on Windows 2000, Windows XP, and Windows Server 2003. The MySQL Installation Wizard makes use of this technology to provide a smoother and more flexible installation process.

The Microsoft Windows Installer Engine was updated with the release of Windows XP; those using a previous version of Windows can reference this Microsoft Knowledge Base article for information on upgrading to the latest version of the Windows Installer Engine.

In addition, Microsoft has introduced the WiX (Windows Installer XML) toolkit recently. This is the first highly acknowledged Open Source project from Microsoft. We have switched to WiX because it is an Open Source project and it allows us to handle the complete Windows installation process in a flexible manner using scripts.

Improving the MySQL Installation Wizard depends on the support and feedback of users like you. If you find that the MySQL Installation Wizard is lacking some feature important to you, or if you discover a bug, please report it in our bugs database using the instructions given in Section 1.6, “How to Report Bugs or Problems”.

2.3.3.2. Downloading and Starting the MySQL Installation Wizard

The MySQL installation packages can be downloaded from http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/. If the package you download is contained within a Zip archive, you need to extract the archive first.

Note

If you are installing on Windows Vista it is best to open a port before beginning the installation. To do this first ensure that you are logged in as an administrator, go to the Control Panel, and double click the Windows Firewall icon. Choose the Allow a program through Windows Firewall option and click the Add port button. Enter MySQL into the Name text box and 3306 (or the port of your choice) into the Port number text box. Also ensure that the TCP protocol radio button is selected. If you wish, you can also limit access to the MySQL server by choosing the Change scope button. Confirm your choices by clicking the OK button. If you do not open a port prior to installation, you cannot configure the MySQL server immediately after installation. Additionally, when running the MySQL Installation Wizard on Windows Vista, ensure that you are logged in as a user with administrative rights.

The process for starting the wizard depends on the contents of the installation package you download. If there is a setup.exe file present, double-click it to start the installation process. If there is an .msi file present, double-click it to start the installation process.

2.3.3.3. Choosing an Install Type

There are three installation types available: Typical, Complete, and Custom.

The Typical installation type installs the MySQL server, the mysql command-line client, and the command-line utilities. The command-line clients and utilities include mysqldump, myisamchk, and several other tools to help you manage the MySQL server.

The Complete installation type installs all components included in the installation package. The full installation package includes components such as the embedded server library, the benchmark suite, support scripts, and documentation.

The Custom installation type gives you complete control over which packages you wish to install and the installation path that is used. See Section 2.3.3.4, “The Custom Install Dialog”, for more information on performing a custom install.

If you choose the Typical or Complete installation types and click the Next button, you advance to the confirmation screen to verify your choices and begin the installation. If you choose the Custom installation type and click the Next button, you advance to the custom installation dialog, described in Section 2.3.3.4, “The Custom Install Dialog”.

2.3.3.4. The Custom Install Dialog

If you wish to change the installation path or the specific components that are installed by the MySQL Installation Wizard, choose the Custom installation type.

A tree view on the left side of the custom install dialog lists all available components. Components that are not installed have a red X icon; components that are installed have a gray icon. To change whether a component is installed, click on that component's icon and choose a new option from the drop-down list that appears.

You can change the default installation path by clicking the Change... button to the right of the displayed installation path.

After choosing your installation components and installation path, click the Next button to advance to the confirmation dialog.

2.3.3.5. The Confirmation Dialog

Once you choose an installation type and optionally choose your installation components, you advance to the confirmation dialog. Your installation type and installation path are displayed for you to review.

To install MySQL if you are satisfied with your settings, click the Install button. To change your settings, click the Back button. To exit the MySQL Installation Wizard without installing MySQL, click the Cancel button.

After installation is complete, you have the option of registering with the MySQL web site. Registration gives you access to post in the MySQL forums at forums.mysql.com, along with the ability to report bugs at bugs.mysql.com and to subscribe to our newsletter. The final screen of the installer provides a summary of the installation and gives you the option to launch the MySQL Configuration Wizard, which you can use to create a configuration file, install the MySQL service, and configure security settings.

2.3.3.6. Changes Made by MySQL Installation Wizard

Once you click the Install button, the MySQL Installation Wizard begins the installation process and makes certain changes to your system which are described in the sections that follow.

Changes to the Registry

The MySQL Installation Wizard creates one Windows registry key in a typical install situation, located in HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\MySQL AB.

The MySQL Installation Wizard creates a key named after the major version of the server that is being installed, such as MySQL Server 4.1. It contains two string values, Location and Version. The Location string contains the path to the installation directory. In a default installation it contains C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 4.1\. The Version string contains the release number. For example, for an installation of MySQL Server 4.1.5, the key contains a value of 4.1.5.

These registry keys are used to help external tools identify the installed location of the MySQL server, preventing a complete scan of the hard-disk to determine the installation path of the MySQL server. The registry keys are not required to run the server, and if you install MySQL using the noinstall Zip archive, the registry keys are not created.

Changes to the Start Menu

The MySQL Installation Wizard creates a new entry in the Windows Start menu under a common MySQL menu heading named after the major version of MySQL that you have installed. For example, if you install MySQL 4.1, the MySQL Installation Wizard creates a MySQL Server 4.1 section in the start menu.

The following entries are created within the new Start menu section:

MySQL Command Line Client: This is a shortcut to the mysql command-line client and is configured to connect as the root user. The shortcut prompts for a root user password when you connect.
MySQL Server Instance Config Wizard: This is a shortcut to the MySQL Configuration Wizard. Use this shortcut to configure a newly installed server, or to reconfigure an existing server.
MySQL Documentation: This is a link to the MySQL server documentation that is stored locally in the MySQL server installation directory. This option is not available when the MySQL server is installed from the Essentials installation package.

Changes to the File System

The MySQL Installation Wizard by default installs the MySQL server to C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 4.1, where Program Files is the default location for applications in your system, and 4.1 is the major version of your MySQL server. This is the new location for the MySQL server, replacing the former default location of c:\mysql.

By default, all MySQL applications are stored in a common directory at C:\Program Files\MySQL, where Program Files is the default location for applications in your Windows installation. A typical MySQL installation on a developer machine might look like this:

C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 4.1
C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Administrator 1.0
C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Query Browser 1.0

This approach makes it easier to manage and maintain all MySQL applications installed on a particular system.

2.3.3.7. Upgrading MySQL with the Installation Wizard

From MySQL version 4.1.5, the new MySQL Installation Wizard can perform server upgrades automatically using the upgrade capabilities of MSI. That means you do not need to remove a previous installation manually before installing a new release. The installer automatically shuts down and removes the previous MySQL service before installing the new version.

Automatic upgrades are available only when upgrading between installations that have the same major and minor version numbers. For example, you can upgrade automatically from MySQL 4.1.5 to MySQL 4.1.6, but not from MySQL 4.1 to MySQL 5.0.

If you are upgrading MySQL version 4.1.4 or earlier to version 4.1.5 or later, you must first manually shut down and remove the older installation before upgrading. Be sure to back up your databases before performing such an upgrade, so that you can restore the databases after the upgrade is completed. It is always recommended that you back up your data before performing any upgrades.

See Section 2.3.14, “Upgrading MySQL on Windows”.

2.3.4. Using the Configuration Wizard

2.3.4.1. Introduction to the Configuration Wizard
2.3.4.2. Starting the MySQL Configuration Wizard
2.3.4.3. Choosing a Maintenance Option
2.3.4.4. Choosing a Configuration Type
2.3.4.5. The Server Type Dialog
2.3.4.6. The Database Usage Dialog
2.3.4.7. The InnoDB Tablespace Dialog
2.3.4.8. The Concurrent Connections Dialog
2.3.4.9. The Networking and Strict Mode Options Dialog
2.3.4.10. The Character Set Dialog
2.3.4.11. The Service Options Dialog
2.3.4.12. The Security Options Dialog
2.3.4.13. The Confirmation Dialog
2.3.4.14. The Location of the my.ini File
2.3.4.15. Editing the my.ini File

2.3.4.1. Introduction to the Configuration Wizard

The MySQL Configuration Wizard helps automate the process of configuring your server under Windows. The MySQL Configuration Wizard creates a custom my.ini file by asking you a series of questions and then applying your responses to a template to generate a my.ini file that is tuned to your installation.

The MySQL Configuration Wizard is included with the MySQL server starting with MySQL version 4.1.5, but is designed to work with MySQL servers versions 4.1 and higher. The MySQL Configuration Wizard is currently available for Windows users only.

The MySQL Configuration Wizard is to a large extent the result of feedback that we have received from many users over a period of several years. However, if you find that it lacks some feature important to you, please report it in our bugs database using the instructions given in Section 1.6, “How to Report Bugs or Problems”.

2.3.4.2. Starting the MySQL Configuration Wizard

The MySQL Configuration Wizard is typically launched from the MySQL Installation Wizard, as the MySQL Installation Wizard exits. You can also launch the MySQL Configuration Wizard by clicking the MySQL Server Instance Config Wizard entry in the MySQL section of the Windows Start menu.

Alternatively, you can navigate to the bin directory of your MySQL installation and launch the MySQLInstanceConfig.exe file directly.

Note

If you chose not to open a port prior to installing MySQL on Windows Vista, you can choose to use the MySQL Server Configuration Wizard after installation. However, you must open a port in the Windows Firewall. To do this see the instructions given in Section 2.3.3.2, “Downloading and Starting the MySQL Installation Wizard”. Rather than opening a port, you also have the option of adding MySQL as a program that bypasses the Windows Firewall. One or the other option is sufficient — you need not do both. Additionally, when running the MySQL Server Configuration Wizard on Windows Vista ensure that you are logged in as a user with administrative rights.

2.3.4.3. Choosing a Maintenance Option

If the MySQL Configuration Wizard detects an existing my.ini file, you have the option of either reconfiguring your existing server, or removing the server instance by deleting the my.ini file and stopping and removing the MySQL service.

To reconfigure an existing server, choose the Re-configure Instance option and click the Next button. Your existing my.ini file is renamed to mytimestamp.ini.bak, where timestamp is the date and time at which the existing my.ini file was created. To remove the existing server instance, choose the Remove Instance option and click the Next button.

If you choose the Remove Instance option, you advance to a confirmation window. Click the Execute button. The MySQL Configuration Wizard stops and removes the MySQL service, and then deletes the my.ini file. The server installation and its data folder are not removed.

If you choose the Re-configure Instance option, you advance to the Configuration Type dialog where you can choose the type of installation that you wish to configure.

2.3.4.4. Choosing a Configuration Type

When you start the MySQL Configuration Wizard for a new MySQL installation, or choose the Re-configure Instance option for an existing installation, you advance to the Configuration Type dialog.

There are two configuration types available: Detailed Configuration and Standard Configuration. The Standard Configuration option is intended for new users who want to get started with MySQL quickly without having to make a lot of decisions about server configuration. The Detailed Configuration option is intended for advanced users who want more fine-grained control of server configuration.

If you are new to MySQL and need a server configured as a single-user developer machine, the Standard Configuration should suit your needs. Choosing the Standard Configuration option causes the MySQL Configuration Wizard to automatically set all configuration options with the exception of the Service Options and Security Options.

The Standard Configuration sets options that may be incompatible with systems where there are existing MySQL installations. If you have an existing MySQL installation on your system in addition to the installation you wish to configure, the Detailed Configuration option is recommended.

To complete the Standard Configuration, please refer to the sections on Service Options and Security Options in Section 2.3.4.11, “The Service Options Dialog”, and Section 2.3.4.12, “The Security Options Dialog”, respectively.

2.3.4.5. The Server Type Dialog

There are three different server types available to choose from. The server type that you choose affects the decisions that the MySQL Configuration Wizard makes with regard to memory, disk, and processor usage.

Developer Machine: Choose this option for a typical desktop workstation where MySQL is intended only for personal use. It is assumed that many other desktop applications are running. The MySQL server is configured to use minimal system resources.
Server Machine: Choose this option for a server machine where the MySQL server is running alongside other server applications such as FTP, email, and Web servers. The MySQL server is configured to use a medium portion of the system resources.
Dedicated MySQL Server Machine: Choose this option for a server machine that is intended to run only the MySQL server. It is assumed that no other applications are running. The MySQL server is configured to use all available system resources.

Note

By selecting one of the preconfigured configurations, the values and settings of various options in your my.cnf or my.ini will be altered accordingly. The default values and options as described in the reference manual may therefore be different to the options and values that were created during the execution of the configuration wizard.

2.3.4.6. The Database Usage Dialog

The Database Usage dialog allows you to indicate the storage engines that you expect to use when creating MySQL tables. The option you choose determines whether the InnoDB storage engine is available and what percentage of the server resources are available to InnoDB.

Multifunctional Database: This option enables both the InnoDB and MyISAM storage engines, and divides resources evenly between the two. This option is recommended for users who use both table handlers on a regular basis.
Transactional Database Only: This option enables both the InnoDB and MyISAM storage engines but dedicates most server resources to the InnoDB storage engine. This option is recommended for users who use InnoDB almost exclusively and make only minimal use of MyISAM.
Non-Transactional Database Only: This option disables the InnoDB storage engine completely, and dedicates all server resources to the MyISAM storage engine. This option is recommended for users who do not use InnoDB.

The Configuration Wizard uses a template to generate the server configuration file. The Database Usage dialog sets one of the following option strings:

Multifunctional Database:        MIXED
Transactional Database Only:     INNODB
Non-Transactional Database Only: MYISAM

When these options are processed through the default template (my-template.ini) the result is:

Multifunctional Database:
default-storage-engine=InnoDB
_myisam_pct=50

Transactional Database Only:
default-storage-engine=InnoDB
_myisam_pct=5

Non-Transactional Database Only:
default-storage-engine=MyISAM
_myisam_pct=100
skip-innodb

The _myisam_pct value is used to calculate the percentage of resources dedicated to MyISAM. The remaining resources are allocated to InnoDB.

2.3.4.7. The InnoDB Tablespace Dialog

Some users may want to locate the InnoDB tablespace files in a location other than the MySQL server data directory. Placing the tablespace files in a separate location can be desirable if your system has available a storage device availablehas with higher capacity or higher performance, such as a RAID storage system.

To change the default location for the InnoDB tablespace files, choose a new drive from the drop-down list of drive letters and choose a new path from the drop-down list of paths. To create a custom path, click the ... button.

If you are modifying the configuration of an existing server, you must click the Modify button before you change the path. In this situation you must move existing tablespace files to the new location manually before starting the server.

2.3.4.8. The Concurrent Connections Dialog

To prevent the server from running out of resources, it is important to limit the number of concurrent connections to the MySQL server that can be established. The Concurrent Connections dialog allows you to choose the expected usage of your server, and sets the limit for concurrent connections accordingly. It is also possible to manually set the concurrent connection limit.

Decision Support (DSS)/OLAP: Choose this option if the server does not require a large number of concurrent connections. The maximum number of connections is set at 100, with an average of 20 concurrent connections assumed.
Online Transaction Processing (OLTP): Choose this option if the server requires a large number of concurrent connections. The maximum number of connections is set at 500.
Manual Setting: Choose this option to set the maximum number of concurrent connections to the server manually. Choose the number of concurrent connections from the drop-down box provided, or type the maximum number of connections into the drop-down box if the number you desire is not listed.

2.3.4.9. The Networking and Strict Mode Options Dialog

Use the Networking Options dialog to enable or disable TCP/IP networking and to configure the port number that is used to connect to the MySQL server.

TCP/IP networking is enabled by default. To disable TCP/IP networking, uncheck the box next to the Enable TCP/IP Networking option.

Port 3306 is used by default. To change the port used to access MySQL, choose a new port number from the drop-down box or type a new port number directly into the drop-down box. If the port number you choose is in use, you are prompted to confirm your choice of port number.

Set the Server SQL Mode to either enable or disable strict mode. Enabling strict mode (default) makes MySQL behave more like other database management systems. If you run applications that rely on MySQL's old “forgiving” behavior, make sure to either adapt those applications or to disable strict mode. For more information about strict mode, see Section 5.1.7, “Server SQL Modes”.

2.3.4.10. The Character Set Dialog

The MySQL server supports multiple character sets and it is possible to set a default server character set that is applied to all tables, columns, and databases unless overridden. Use the Character Set dialog to change the default character set of the MySQL server.

Standard Character Set: Choose this option if you want to use latin1 as the default server character set. latin1 is used for English and many Western European languages.
Best Support For Multilingualism: Choose this option if you want to use utf8 as the default server character set. This is a Unicode character set that can store characters from many different languages.
Manually Selected Default Character Set / Collation: Choose this option if you want to pick the server's default character set manually. Choose the desired character set from the provided drop-down list.

2.3.4.11. The Service Options Dialog

On Windows NT-based platforms, the MySQL server can be installed as a Windows service. When installed this way, the MySQL server can be started automatically during system startup, and even restarted automatically by Windows in the event of a service failure.

The MySQL Configuration Wizard installs the MySQL server as a service by default, using the service name MySQL. If you do not wish to install the service, un-check the box next to the Install As Windows Service option. You can change the service name by picking a new service name from the drop-down box provided or by typing a new service name into the drop-down box.

To install the MySQL server as a service but not have it started automatically at startup, un-check the box next to the Launch the MySQL Server automatically option.

2.3.4.12. The Security Options Dialog

It is strongly recommended that you set a root password for your MySQL server, and the MySQL Configuration Wizard requires by default that you do so. If you do not wish to set a root password, uncheck the box next to the Modify Security Settings option.

To set the root password, enter the desired password into both the New root password and Confirm boxes. If you are reconfiguring an existing server, you need to enter the existing root password into the Current root password box.

To prevent root logins from across the network, check the box next to the Root may only connect from localhost option. This increases the security of your root account.

To create an anonymous user account, check the box next to the Create An Anonymous Account option. Creating an anonymous account can decrease server security and cause login and permission difficulties and is not recommended.

2.3.4.13. The Confirmation Dialog

The final dialog in the MySQL Configuration Wizard is the Confirmation Dialog. To start the configuration process, click the Execute button. To return to a previous dialog, click the Back button. To exit the MySQL Configuration Wizard without configuring the server, click the Cancel button.

After you click the Execute button, the MySQL Configuration Wizard performs a series of tasks and displays the progress onscreen as the tasks are performed.

The MySQL Configuration Wizard firsts determines various configuration file options based on your choices using a template prepared by MySQL developers and engineers. This template is named my-template.ini and is located in your server installation directory.

The MySQL Configuration Wizard then writes these options to a my.ini file. The final location of the my.ini file is displayed next to the Write configuration file task.

If you chose to create a service for the MySQL server, the MySQL Configuration Wizard creates and starts the service. If you are reconfiguring an existing service, the MySQL Configuration Wizard restarts the service to apply your configuration changes.

If you chose to set a root password, the MySQL Configuration Wizard connects to the server, sets your new root password and applies any other security settings you may have selected.

After the MySQL Configuration Wizard has completed its tasks, it displays a summary. Click the Finish button to exit the MySQL Configuration Wizard.

2.3.4.14. The Location of the my.ini File

In MySQL installations prior to version 4.1.5 it was customary to name the server configuration file my.cnf or my.ini and locate the file either at c:\my.cnf or c:\Windows\my.ini.

The new MySQL Configuration Wizard places the my.ini file in the installation directory of the MySQL server. This helps associate configuration files with particular server instances.

To ensure that the MySQL server knows where to look for the my.ini file, an argument similar to this is passed to the MySQL server as part of the service installation:

--defaults-file="C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 4.1\my.ini"

Here, C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 4.1 is replaced with the installation path to the MySQL Server. The --defaults-file option instructs the MySQL server to read the specified file for configuration options when it starts.

2.3.4.15. Editing the my.ini File

To modify the my.ini file, open it with a text editor and make any necessary changes. You can also modify the server configuration with the MySQL Administrator utility.

MySQL clients and utilities such as the mysql and mysqldump command-line clients are not able to locate the my.ini file located in the server installation directory. To configure the client and utility applications, create a new my.ini file in the C:\WINDOWS or C:\WINNT directory (whichever is applicable to your Windows version).

2.3.5. Installing MySQL from a Noinstall Zip Archive

Users who are installing from the Noinstall package, or who are installing a version of MySQL prior to 4.1.5 can use the instructions in this section to manually install MySQL. If you are installing a version prior to 4.1.5 with an install package that includes a Setup program, substitute running the Setup program for extracting the archive.

The process for installing MySQL from a Zip archive is as follows:

Extract the archive to the desired install directory
Create an option file
Choose a MySQL server type
Start the MySQL server
Secure the default user accounts

This process is described in the sections that follow.

2.3.6. Extracting the Install Archive

To install MySQL manually, do the following:

If you are upgrading from a previous version please refer to Section 2.3.14, “Upgrading MySQL on Windows”, before beginning the upgrade process.
If you are using a Windows NT-based operating system such as Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows XP, or Windows Server 2003, make sure that you are logged in as a user with administrator privileges.
Choose an installation location. Traditionally, the MySQL server has been installed at C:\mysql. The MySQL Installation Wizard installs MySQL under C:\Program Files\MySQL. If you do not install MySQL in C:\mysql, you must specify the path to the install directory during startup or in an option file. See Section 2.3.7, “Creating an Option File”.
Extract the install archive to the chosen installation location using your preferred Zip archive tool. Some tools may extract the archive to a folder within your chosen installation location. If this occurs, you can move the contents of the subfolder into the chosen installation location.

2.3.7. Creating an Option File

If you need to specify startup options when you run the server, you can indicate them on the command line or place them in an option file. For options that are used every time the server starts, you may find it most convenient to use an option file to specify your MySQL configuration. This is particularly true under the following circumstances:

The installation or data directory locations differ from the default locations (C:\mysql and C:\mysql\data).
You need to tune the server settings. For example, to use the InnoDB transactional tables in MySQL 3.23, you must manually add some extra lines to the option file, as described in Section 13.2.3, “InnoDB Configuration”. (As of MySQL 4.0, InnoDB creates its data files and log files in the data directory by default. This means you need not configure InnoDB explicitly. You may still do so if you wish, and an option file is also useful in this case.)

When the MySQL server starts on Windows, it looks for options in two files: the my.ini file in the Windows directory, and the C:\my.cnf file. The Windows directory typically is named something like C:\WINDOWS or C:\WINNT. You can determine its exact location from the value of the WINDIR environment variable using the following command:

shell> echo %WINDIR%

MySQL looks for options first in the my.ini file, and then in the my.cnf file. However, to avoid confusion, it is best if you use only one file. If your PC uses a boot loader where the C: drive is not the boot drive, your only option is to use the my.ini file. Whichever option file you use, it must be a plain text file.

You can also make use of the example option files included with your MySQL distribution; see Section 4.2.3.3.2, “Preconfigured Option Files”.

An option file can be created and modified with any text editor, such as the Notepad program. For example, if MySQL is installed in E:\mysql and the data directory is E:\mydata\data, you can create the option file and set up a [mysqld] section to specify values for the basedir and datadir options:

[mysqld]
# set basedir to your installation path
basedir=E:/mysql
# set datadir to the location of your data directory
datadir=E:/mydata/data

Note that Windows path names are specified in option files using forward slashes rather than backslashes. If you do use backslashes, you must double them:

[mysqld]
# set basedir to your installation path
basedir=E:\\mysql
# set datadir to the location of your data directory
datadir=E:\\mydata\\data

MySQL Enterprise For expert advice on the start-up options appropriate to your circumstances, subscribe to the MySQL Enterprise Monitor. For more information, see http://www.mysql.com/products/enterprise/advisors.html.

On Windows, the MySQL installer places the data directory directly under the directory where you install MySQL. If you would like to use a data directory in a different location, you should copy the entire contents of the data directory to the new location. For example, by default, the installer places MySQL in C:\mysql, and the data directory in C:\mysql\data. If you want to use E:\mydata as the data directory, you must do two things:

Move the data directory from C:\mysql\data to E:\mydata.
Use a --datadir option to specify the new data directory location each time you start the server.

2.3.8. Selecting a MySQL Server Type

Starting with MySQL 3.23.38, the Windows distribution includes both the normal and the MySQL-Max server binaries.

Up through the early releases of MySQL 4.1, the servers included in Windows distributions are named like this:

Binary	Description
mysqld	Compiled with full debugging and automatic memory allocation checking, and `InnoDB` and `BDB` tables.
mysqld-opt	Optimized binary. From version 4.0 on, `InnoDB` is enabled. Before 4.0, this server includes no transactional table support.
mysqld-nt	Optimized binary for Windows NT, 2000, and XP with named-pipe support.
mysqld-max	Optimized binary with `InnoDB` and `BDB` support.
mysqld-max-nt	Like mysqld-max, but compiled with named-pipe support.

We have found that the server with the most generic name (mysqld) is the one that many users are likely to choose by default. However, that is also the server that results in the highest memory and CPU use due to the inclusion of full debugging support. The server named mysqld-opt is a better general-use server choice to make instead if you do not need debugging support and do not want the maximal feature set offered by the -max servers or named pipe support offered by the -nt servers.

To make it less likely that the debugging server would be chosen inadvertently, some name changes were made from MySQL 4.1.2 to 4.1.4: mysqld has been renamed to mysqld-debug and mysqld-opt has been renamed to mysqld. Thus, the server that includes debugging support indicates that in its name, and the server named mysqld is an efficient default choice. The other servers still have their same names. The resulting servers are named like this:

Binary	Description
mysqld-debug	Compiled with full debugging and automatic memory allocation checking, and `InnoDB` and `BDB` tables.
mysqld	Optimized binary with `InnoDB` support.
mysqld-nt	Optimized binary for Windows NT, 2000, and XP with support for named pipes.
mysqld-max	Optimized binary with support for `InnoDB` and `BDB` tables.
mysqld-max-nt	Like mysqld-max, but compiled with support for named pipes.

The name changes were not both instituted at the same time. If you have MySQL 4.1.2 or 4.1.3, it might be that you have a server named mysqld-debug but not one named mysqld. In this case, you should have a server mysqld-opt, which you should choose as your default server unless you need maximal features, named pipes, or debugging support.

All of the preceding binaries are optimized for modern Intel processors, but should work on any Intel i386-class or higher processor.

As of MySQL 4.0, all Windows servers have support for symbolic linking of database directories. Before MySQL 4.0, only the debugging and Max server versions include this feature.

MySQL supports TCP/IP on all Windows platforms. MySQL servers on Windows support named pipes as indicated in the following list. However, the default is to use TCP/IP regardless of platform. (Named pipes are slower than TCP/IP in many Windows configurations.)

Use of named pipes is subject to these conditions:

Starting from MySQL 3.23.50, named pipes are enabled only if you start the server with the --enable-named-pipe option. It is necessary to use this option explicitly because some users have experienced problems shutting down the MySQL server when named pipes were used.
Named-pipe connections are allowed only by the mysqld-nt or mysqld-max-nt servers, and only if the server is run on a version of Windows that supports named pipes (NT, 2000, XP, 2003).
These servers can be run on Windows 98 or Me, but only if TCP/IP is installed; named-pipe connections cannot be used.
These servers cannot be run on Windows 95.

Note

Most of the examples in this manual use mysqld as the server name. If you choose to use a different server, such as mysqld-nt, make the appropriate substitutions in the commands that are shown in the examples.

2.3.9. Starting the Server for the First Time

This section gives a general overview of starting the MySQL server. The following sections provide more specific information for starting the MySQL server from the command line or as a Windows service.

The information here applies primarily if you installed MySQL using the Noinstall version, or if you wish to configure and test MySQL manually rather than with the GUI tools.

On Windows 95, 98, or Me, MySQL clients always connect to the server using TCP/IP. (This allows any machine on your network to connect to your MySQL server.) Because of this, you must make sure that TCP/IP support is installed on your machine before starting MySQL. You can find TCP/IP on your Windows CD-ROM.

Note that if you are using an old Windows 95 release (for example, OSR2), it is likely that you have an old Winsock package; MySQL requires Winsock 2. You can get the newest Winsock from http://www.microsoft.com/. Windows 98 has the new Winsock 2 library, so it is unnecessary to update the library.

On NT-based systems such as Windows NT, 2000, XP, or 2003, clients have two options. They can use TCP/IP, or they can use a named pipe if the server supports named-pipe connections. For MySQL to work with TCP/IP on Windows NT 4, you must install service pack 3 (or newer).

In MySQL versions 4.1 and higher, Windows servers also support shared-memory connections if the server is started with the --shared-memory option. Clients can connect through shared memory by using the --protocol=MEMORY option.

For information about which server binary to run, see Section 2.3.8, “Selecting a MySQL Server Type”.

The examples in these sections assume that MySQL is installed under the default location of C:\mysql. Adjust the path names shown in the examples if you have MySQL installed in a different location.

Testing is best done from a command prompt in a console window (a “DOS window”). This way you can have the server display status messages in the window where they are easy to see. If something is wrong with your configuration, these messages make it easier for you to identify and fix any problems.

To start the server, enter this command:

shell> C:\mysql\bin\mysqld --console

For a server that includes InnoDB support, you should see the messages similar to those following as it starts (the path names and sizes may differ):

InnoDB: The first specified datafile c:\ibdata\ibdata1 did not exist:
InnoDB: a new database to be created!
InnoDB: Setting file c:\ibdata\ibdata1 size to 209715200
InnoDB: Database physically writes the file full: wait...
InnoDB: Log file c:\iblogs\ib_logfile0 did not exist: new to be created
InnoDB: Setting log file c:\iblogs\ib_logfile0 size to 31457280
InnoDB: Log file c:\iblogs\ib_logfile1 did not exist: new to be created
InnoDB: Setting log file c:\iblogs\ib_logfile1 size to 31457280
InnoDB: Log file c:\iblogs\ib_logfile2 did not exist: new to be created
InnoDB: Setting log file c:\iblogs\ib_logfile2 size to 31457280
InnoDB: Doublewrite buffer not found: creating new
InnoDB: Doublewrite buffer created
InnoDB: creating foreign key constraint system tables
InnoDB: foreign key constraint system tables created
011024 10:58:25  InnoDB: Started

When the server finishes its startup sequence, you should see something like this, which indicates that the server is ready to service client connections:

mysqld: ready for connections
Version: '4.0.14-log'  socket: ''  port: 3306

The server continues to write to the console any further diagnostic output it produces. You can open a new console window in which to run client programs.

If you omit the --console option, the server writes diagnostic output to the error log in the data directory (C:\mysql\data by default). The error log is the file with the .err extension.

Note

The accounts that are listed in the MySQL grant tables initially have no passwords. After starting the server, you should set up passwords for them using the instructions in Section 2.10, “Post-Installation Setup and Testing”.

2.3.10. Starting MySQL from the Windows Command Line

The MySQL server can be started manually from the command line. This can be done on any version of Windows.

To start the mysqld server from the command line, you should start a console window (a “DOS window”) and enter this command:

shell> "C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 4.1\bin\mysqld"

The path to mysqld may vary depending on the install location of MySQL on your system.

On non-NT versions of Windows, this command starts mysqld in the background. That is, after the server starts, you should see another command prompt. If you start the server this way on Windows NT, 2000, XP, or 2003, the server runs in the foreground and no command prompt appears until the server exits. Because of this, you should open another console window to run client programs while the server is running.

You can stop the MySQL server by executing this command:

shell> "C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 4.1\bin\mysqladmin" -u root shutdown

Note

If the MySQL root user account has a password, you need to invoke mysqladmin with the -p option and supply the password when prompted.

This command invokes the MySQL administrative utility mysqladmin to connect to the server and tell it to shut down. The command connects as the MySQL root user, which is the default administrative account in the MySQL grant system. Note that users in the MySQL grant system are wholly independent from any login users under Windows.

If mysqld does not start, check the error log to see whether the server wrote any messages there to indicate the cause of the problem. The error log is located in the C:\mysql\data directory. It is the file with a suffix of .err. You can also try to start the server as mysqld --console; in this case, you may get some useful information on the screen that may help solve the problem.

The last option is to start mysqld with the --standalone and --debug options. In this case, mysqld writes a log file C:\mysqld.trace that should contain the reason why mysqld doesn't start. See MySQL Internals: Porting.

Use mysqld --verbose --help to display all the options that mysqld supports. (Prior to MySQL 4.1, omit the --verbose option.)

2.3.11. Starting MySQL as a Windows Service

On the NT family (Windows NT, 2000, XP, 2003), the recommended way to run MySQL is to install it as a Windows service. With the MySQL server installed as a service, Windows starts and stops it server automatically when Windows starts and stops. A MySQL server installed as a service can also be controlled from the command line using NET commands, or with the graphical Services utility. Generally, to install MySQL as a Windows service you should be logged in using an account that has administrator rights.

The Services utility (the Windows Service Control Manager) can be found in the Windows Control Panel (under Administrative Tools on Windows 2000, XP, Vista and Server 2003). To avoid conflicts, it is advisable to close the Services utility while performing server installation or removal operations from the command line.

Before installing MySQL as a Windows service, you should first stop the current server if it is running by using the following command:

shell> C:\mysql\bin\mysqladmin -u root shutdown

Note

If the MySQL root user account has a password, you need to invoke mysqladmin with the -p option and supply the password when prompted.

Install the server as a service using this command:

shell> C:\mysql\bin\mysqld --install

The service-installation command does not start the server. Instructions for that are given later in this section.

Before MySQL 4.0.2, no command-line arguments can be given following the --install option. MySQL 4.0.2 and up offers limited support for additional arguments:

You can specify a service name immediately following the --install option. The default service name is MySQL.
As of MySQL 4.0.3, if a service name is given, it can be followed by a single option. By convention, this should be --defaults-file=file_name to specify the name of an option file from which the server should read options when it starts.
The use of a single option other than --defaults-file is possible but discouraged. --defaults-file is more flexible because it enables you to specify multiple startup options for the server by placing them in the named option file.

For a MySQL server that is installed as a Windows service, the following rules determine the service name and option files that the server uses:

If the service-installation command specifies no service name or the default service name (MySQL) following the --install option, the server uses the a service name of MySQL and reads options from the [mysqld] group in the standard option files.
If the service-installation command specifies a service name other than MySQL following the --install option, the server uses that service name. It reads options from the group that has the same name as the service, and reads options from the standard option files.
As of MySQL 4.0.17, the server also reads options from the [mysqld] group from the standard option files. This allows you to use the [mysqld] group for options that should be used by all MySQL services, and an option group with the same name as a service for use by the server installed with that service name.
If the service-installation command specifies a --defaults-file option after the service name, the server reads options only from the [mysqld] group of the named file and ignores the standard option files.

As a more complex example, consider the following command:

shell> C:\mysql\bin\mysqld --install MySQL --defaults-file=C:\my-opts.cnf

Here, the default service name (MySQL) is given after the --install option. If no --defaults-file option had been given, this command would have the effect of causing the server to read the [mysqld] group from the standard option files. However, because the --defaults-file option is present, the server reads options from the [mysqld] option group, and only from the named file.

You can also specify options in Start parameters in the Windows Services utility before you start the MySQL service.

Note

Prior to MySQL 4.0.17, a server installed as a Windows service has problems starting if its path name or the service name contains spaces. For this reason, with older versions, avoid installing MySQL in a directory such as C:\Program Files or using a service name containing spaces.

Once a MySQL server has been installed as a service, Windows starts the service automatically whenever Windows starts. The service also can be started immediately from the Services utility, or by using a NET START MySQL command. The NET command is not case sensitive.

When run as a service, mysqld has no access to a console window, so no messages can be seen there. If mysqld does not start, check the error log to see whether the server wrote any messages there to indicate the cause of the problem. The error log is located in the MySQL data directory (for example, C:\mysql\data). It is the file with a suffix of .err.

When a MySQL server has been installed as a service, and the service is running, Windows stops the service automatically when Windows shuts down. The server also can be stopped manually by using the Services utility, the NET STOP MySQL command, or the mysqladmin shutdown command.

From MySQL 3.23.44 on, you have the choice of installing the server as a Manual service if you do not wish the service to be started automatically during the boot process. To do this, use the --install-manual option rather than the --install option:

shell> C:\mysql\bin\mysqld --install-manual

To remove a server that is installed as a service, first stop it if it is running by executing NET STOP MySQL. Then use the --remove option to remove it:

shell> C:\mysql\bin\mysqld --remove

For MySQL versions older than 3.23.49, one problem with automatic MySQL service shutdown is that Windows waited only for a few seconds for the shutdown to complete, and then killed the database server process if the time limit was exceeded. This had the potential to cause problems. (For example, the InnoDB storage engine would have to perform crash recovery at the next startup.) Starting from MySQL 3.23.49, Windows waits longer for the MySQL server shutdown to complete. If you notice this still is not enough for your installation, it is safest not to run the MySQL server as a service. Instead, start it from the command-line prompt, and stop it with mysqladmin shutdown.

This change to tell Windows to wait longer when stopping the MySQL server works for Windows 2000 and XP. It does not work for Windows NT, where Windows waits only 20 seconds for a service to shut down, and after that kills the service process. You can increase this default by opening the Registry Editor (\winnt\system32\regedt32.exe) and editing the value of WaitToKillServiceTimeout at HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control in the Registry tree. Specify the new larger value in milliseconds. For example, the value 120000 tells Windows NT to wait up to 120 seconds.

If mysqld is not running as a service, you can start it from the command line. For instructions, see Section 2.3.10, “Starting MySQL from the Windows Command Line”.

Please see Section 2.3.13, “Troubleshooting a MySQL Installation Under Windows”, if you encounter difficulties during installation.

2.3.12. Testing The MySQL Installation

You can test whether the MySQL server is working by executing any of the following commands:

shell> C:\mysql\bin\mysqlshow
shell> C:\mysql\bin\mysqlshow -u root mysql
shell> C:\mysql\bin\mysqladmin version status proc
shell> C:\mysql\bin\mysql test

If mysqld is slow to respond to TCP/IP connections from client programs on Windows 9x/Me, there is probably a problem with your DNS. In this case, start mysqld with the --skip-name-resolve option and use only localhost and IP numbers in the Host column of the MySQL grant tables.

You can force a MySQL client to use a named-pipe connection rather than TCP/IP by specifying the --pipe option or by specifying . (period) as the host name. Use the --socket option to specify the name of the pipe if you do not want to use the default pipe name. As of MySQL 4.1, you can use the --protocol=PIPE option instead.

Note that if you have set a password for the root account, deleted the anonymous account, or created a new user account, then you must use the appropriate -u and -p options with the commands shown above in order to connect with the MySQL Server. See Section 4.2.2, “Connecting to the MySQL Server”.

There are two versions of the MySQL command-line tool on Windows:

Binary	Description
mysql	Compiled on native Windows, offering limited text editing capabilities.
mysqlc	Compiled with the Cygnus GNU compiler and libraries, which offers `readline` editing. mysqlc was intended for use primarily with Windows 9x/Me. It does not support the updated authentication protocol used beginning with MySQL 4.1, and is not supported in MySQL 4.1 and above. Beginning with MySQL 4.1.8, it is no longer included in MySQL Windows distributions.

To use mysqlc, you must have a copy of the cygwinb19.dll library installed somewhere that mysqlc can find it. If your distribution does not have the cygwinb19.dll library in the bin directory under the base directory of your MySQL installation, look for it in the lib directory and copy it to your Windows system directory (\Windows\system or a similar place).

For more information about mysqlshow, see Section 4.5.6, “mysqlshow — Display Database, Table, and Column Information”.

2.3.13. Troubleshooting a MySQL Installation Under Windows

When installing and running MySQL for the first time, you may encounter certain errors that prevent the MySQL server from starting. The purpose of this section is to help you diagnose and correct some of these errors.

Your first resource when troubleshooting server issues is the error log. The MySQL server uses the error log to record information relevant to the error that prevents the server from starting. The error log is located in the data directory specified in your my.ini file. The default data directory location is C:\mysql\data. See Section 5.3.1, “The Error Log”.

Another source of information regarding possible errors is the console messages displayed when the MySQL service is starting. Use the NET START MySQL command from the command line after installing mysqld as a service to see any error messages regarding the starting of the MySQL server as a service. See Section 2.3.11, “Starting MySQL as a Windows Service”.

The following examples show other common error messages you may encounter when installing MySQL and starting the server for the first time:

If the MySQL server cannot find the mysql privileges database or other critical files, you may see these messages:
```
System error 1067 has occurred.
Fatal error: Can't open privilege tables: Table 'mysql.host' does not exist
```
These messages often occur when the MySQL base or data directories are installed in different locations than the default locations (C:\mysql and C:\mysql\data, respectively).
This situation may occur when MySQL is upgraded and installed to a new location, but the configuration file is not updated to reflect the new location. In addition, there may be old and new configuration files that conflict. Be sure to delete or rename any old configuration files when upgrading MySQL.
If you have installed MySQL to a directory other than C:\mysql, you need to ensure that the MySQL server is aware of this through the use of a configuration (my.ini) file. The my.ini file needs to be located in your Windows directory, typically C:\WINDOWS or C:\WINNT. You can determine its exact location from the value of the WINDIR environment variable by issuing the following command from the command prompt:
```
shell> echo %WINDIR%
```
An option file can be created and modified with any text editor, such as the Notepad program. For example, if MySQL is installed in E:\mysql and the data directory is D:\MySQLdata, you can create the option file and set up a [mysqld] section to specify values for the basedir and datadir options:
```
[mysqld]
# set basedir to your installation path
basedir=E:/mysql
# set datadir to the location of your data directory
datadir=D:/MySQLdata
```
Note that Windows path names are specified in option files using forward slashes rather than backslashes. If you do use backslashes, you must double them:
```
[mysqld]
# set basedir to your installation path
basedir=C:\\Program Files\\mysql
# set datadir to the location of your data directory
datadir=D:\\MySQLdata
```
If you change the datadir value in your MySQL configuration file, you must move the contents of the existing MySQL data directory before restarting the MySQL server.
See Section 2.3.7, “Creating an Option File”.
If you reinstall or upgrade MySQL without first stopping and removing the existing MySQL service and install MySQL using the MySQL Configuration Wizard, you may see this error:
```
Error: Cannot create Windows service for MySql. Error: 0
```
This occurs when the Configuration Wizard tries to install the service and finds an existing service with the same name.
One solution to this problem is to choose a service name other than mysql when using the configuration wizard. This allows the new service to be installed correctly, but leaves the outdated service in place. Although this is harmless, it is best to remove old services that are no longer in use.
To permanently remove the old mysql service, execute the following command as a user with administrative privileges, on the command-line:
```
shell> sc delete mysql
[SC] DeleteService SUCCESS
```
If the sc utility is not available for your version of Windows, download the delsrv utility from http://www.microsoft.com/windows2000/techinfo/reskit/tools/existing/delsrv-o.asp and use the delsrv mysql syntax.

2.3.14. Upgrading MySQL on Windows

This section lists some of the steps you should take when upgrading MySQL on Windows.

Review Section 2.11.1, “Upgrading MySQL”, for additional information on upgrading MySQL that is not specific to Windows.
You should always back up your current MySQL installation before performing an upgrade. See Section 6.1, “Database Backups”.
Download the latest Windows distribution of MySQL from http://dev.mysql.com.
Before upgrading MySQL, you must stop the server. If the server is installed as a service, stop the service with the following command from the command prompt:
```
shell> NET STOP MySQL
```
If you are not running the MySQL server as a service, use the following command to stop it:
```
shell> C:\mysql\bin\mysqladmin -u root shutdown
```
Note
If the MySQL root user account has a password, you need to invoke mysqladmin with the -p option and supply the password when prompted.
When upgrading to MySQL 4.1.5 or higher from a previous version, or when upgrading from a version of MySQL installed from a Zip archive to a version of MySQL installed with the MySQL Installation Wizard, you must manually remove the previous installation and MySQL service (if the server is installed as a service).
To remove the MySQL service, use the following command:
```
shell> C:\mysql\bin\mysqld --remove
```
If you do not remove the existing service, the MySQL Installation Wizard may fail to properly install the new MySQL service.
If you are using the MySQL Installation Wizard, start the wizard as described in Section 2.3.3, “Using the MySQL Installation Wizard”.
If you are installing MySQL from a Zip archive, extract the archive. You may either overwrite your existing MySQL installation (usually located at C:\mysql), or install it into a different directory, such as C:\mysql5. Overwriting the existing installation is recommended.
If you were running MySQL as a Windows service and you had to remove the service earlier in this procedure, reinstall the service. (See Section 2.3.11, “Starting MySQL as a Windows Service”.)
Restart the server. For example, use NET START MySQL if you run MySQL as a service, or invoke mysqld directly otherwise.
If you encounter errors, see Section 2.3.13, “Troubleshooting a MySQL Installation Under Windows”.

2.3.15. MySQL on Windows Compared to MySQL on Unix

MySQL for Windows has proven itself to be very stable. The Windows version of MySQL has the same features as the corresponding Unix version, with the following exceptions:

Windows 95 and threads
Windows 95 leaks about 200 bytes of main memory for each thread creation. Each connection in MySQL creates a new thread, so you should not run mysqld for an extended time on Windows 95 if your server handles many connections! Newer versions of Windows don't suffer from this bug.
Limited number of ports
Windows systems have about 4,000 ports available for client connections, and after a connection on a port closes, it takes two to four minutes before the port can be reused. In situations where clients connect to and disconnect from the server at a high rate, it is possible for all available ports to be used up before closed ports become available again. If this happens, the MySQL server appears to be unresponsive even though it is running. Note that ports may be used by other applications running on the machine as well, in which case the number of ports available to MySQL is lower.
For more information about this problem, see http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;196271.
Concurrent reads
MySQL depends on the pread() and pwrite() calls to be able to mix INSERT and SELECT. Currently, we use mutexes to emulate pread()/pwrite(). We will, in the long run, replace the file level interface with a virtual interface so that we can use the readfile()/writefile() interface on NT, 2000, and XP to get more speed. The current implementation limits the number of open files that MySQL can use to 2,048 (1,024 before MySQL 4.0.19), which means that you cannot run as many concurrent threads on NT, 2000, XP, and 2003 as on Unix.
Blocking read
MySQL uses a blocking read for each connection. That has the following implications if named-pipe connections are enabled:
- A connection is not disconnected automatically after eight hours, as happens with the Unix version of MySQL.
- If a connection hangs, it is impossible to break it without killing MySQL.
- mysqladmin kill does not work on a sleeping connection.
- mysqladmin shutdown cannot abort as long as there are sleeping connections.
We plan to fix this problem when our Windows developers have figured out a workaround.
ALTER TABLE
While you are executing an ALTER TABLE statement, the table is locked from being used by other threads. This has to do with the fact that on Windows, you cannot delete a file that is in use by another thread. In the future, we may find some way to work around this problem.
DROP TABLE
DROP TABLE on a table that is in use by a MERGE table does not work on Windows because the MERGE handler does the table mapping hidden from the upper layer of MySQL. Because Windows does not allow you to drop files that are open, you first must flush all MERGE tables (with FLUSH TABLES) or drop the MERGE table before dropping the table. We will fix this at the same time we introduce views.
DATA DIRECTORY and INDEX DIRECTORY
The DATA DIRECTORY and INDEX DIRECTORY options for CREATE TABLE are ignored on Windows, because Windows does not support symbolic links. These options also are ignored on systems that have a nonfunctional realpath() call.
DROP DATABASE
You cannot drop a database that is in use by a thread.
Killing MySQL from the Task Manager
On Windows 95, you cannot kill MySQL from the Task Manager or with the shutdown utility. You must stop it with mysqladmin shutdown or the NET STOP ... command.
Case-insensitive names
File names are not case sensitive on Windows, so MySQL database and table names are also not case sensitive on Windows. The only restriction is that database and table names must be specified using the same case throughout a given statement. See Section 8.2.2, “Identifier Case Sensitivity”.
Directory and file names
On Windows, MySQL Server supports only directory and file names that are compatible with the current ANSI code pages. For example, the following Japanese directory name will not work in the Western locale (code page 1252):
```
datadir="C:/维基百科关于中文维基百科"
```
The same limitation applies to directory and file names referred to in SQL statements, such as the data file path name in LOAD DATA INFILE.
The “\” path name separator character
Path name components in Windows are separated by the “\” character, which is also the escape character in MySQL. If you are using LOAD DATA INFILE or SELECT ... INTO OUTFILE, use Unix-style file names with “/” characters:
```
mysql> LOAD DATA INFILE 'C:/tmp/skr.txt' INTO TABLE skr;
mysql> SELECT * INTO OUTFILE 'C:/tmp/skr.txt' FROM skr;
```
Alternatively, you must double the “\” character:
```
mysql> LOAD DATA INFILE 'C:\\tmp\\skr.txt' INTO TABLE skr;
mysql> SELECT * INTO OUTFILE 'C:\\tmp\\skr.txt' FROM skr;
```
Problems with pipes
Pipes do not work reliably from the Windows command-line prompt. If the pipe includes the character ^Z / CHAR(24), Windows thinks that it has encountered end-of-file and aborts the program.
This is a problem mainly when you try to apply a binary log as follows:
```
shell> mysqlbinlog binary_log_file | mysql --user=root
```
If you have a problem applying the log and suspect that it is because of a ^Z / CHAR(24) character, you can use the following workaround:
```
shell> mysqlbinlog binary_log_file --result-file=/tmp/bin.sql
shell> mysql --user=root --execute "source /tmp/bin.sql"
```
The latter command also can be used to reliably read in any SQL file that may contain binary data.
Access denied for user error
If MySQL cannot resolve your host name properly, you may get the following error when you attempt to run a MySQL client program to connect to a server running on the same machine:
```
Access denied for user 'some_user'@'unknown'
to database 'mysql'
```
To fix this problem, you should create a file named \windows\hosts containing the following information:
```
127.0.0.1       localhost
```

2.4. Installing MySQL from RPM Packages on Linux

The recommended way to install MySQL on RPM-based Linux distributions is by using the RPM packages. The RPMs that we provide to the community should work on all versions of Linux that support RPM packages and use glibc 2.3. We also provide RPMs with binaries that are statically linked to a patched version of glibc 2.2, but only for the x86 (32-bit) architecture. To obtain RPM packages, see Section 2.1.3, “How to Get MySQL”.

For non-RPM Linux distributions, you can install MySQL using a .tar.gz package. See Section 2.8, “Installing MySQL from tar.gz Packages on Other Unix-Like Systems”.

We do provide some platform-specific RPMs; the difference between a platform-specific RPM and a generic RPM is that a platform-specific RPM is built on the targeted platform and is linked dynamically whereas a generic RPM is linked statically with LinuxThreads.

Note

RPM distributions of MySQL often are provided by other vendors. Be aware that they may differ in features and capabilities from those built by us, and that the instructions in this manual do not necessarily apply to installing them. The vendor's instructions should be consulted instead.

If you have problems with an RPM file (for example, if you receive the error Sorry, the host 'xxxx' could not be looked up), see Section 2.12.1.2, “Linux Binary Distribution Notes”.

In most cases, you need to install only the MySQL-server and MySQL-client packages to get a functional MySQL installation. The other packages are not required for a standard installation. If you want to run a MySQL-Max server that has additional capabilities, you should also install the MySQL-Max RPM. However, you should do so only after installing the MySQL-server RPM. See Section 5.2, “The mysqld-max Extended MySQL Server”.

For upgrades, if your installation was originally produced by installing multiple RPM packages, it is best to upgrade all the packages, not just some. For example, if you previously installed the server and client RPMs, do not upgrade just the server RPM.

If you get a dependency failure when trying to install the MySQL 4.0 packages (for example, error: removing these packages would break dependencies: libmysqlclient.so.10 is needed by ...), you should also install the MySQL-shared-compat package, which includes both the shared libraries for backward compatibility (libmysqlclient.so.12 for MySQL 4.0 and libmysqlclient.so.10 for MySQL 3.23).

Some Linux distributions still ship with MySQL 3.23 and they usually link applications dynamically to save disk space. If these shared libraries are in a separate package (for example, MySQL-shared), it is sufficient to simply leave this package installed and just upgrade the MySQL server and client packages (which are statically linked and do not depend on the shared libraries). For distributions that include the shared libraries in the same package as the MySQL server (for example, Red Hat Linux), you could either install our 3.23 MySQL-shared RPM, or use the MySQL-shared-compat package instead. (Do not install both.)

The RPM packages shown in the following list are available. The names shown here use a suffix of .glibc23.i386.rpm, but particular packages can have different suffixes, as described later.

MySQL-server-VERSION.glibc23.i386.rpm
The MySQL server. You need this unless you only want to connect to a MySQL server running on another machine.
Note: Server RPM files were called MySQL-VERSION.i386.rpm before MySQL 4.0.10. That is, they did not have -server in the name.
MySQL-Max-VERSION.i386.rpm
The MySQL-Max server. This server has additional capabilities that the one provided in the MySQL-server RPM does not. You must install the MySQL-server RPM first, because the MySQL-Max RPM depends on it.
MySQL-client-VERSION.glibc23.i386.rpm
The standard MySQL client programs. You probably always want to install this package.
MySQL-bench-VERSION.glibc23.i386.rpm
Tests and benchmarks. Requires Perl and the DBI and DBD::mysql modules.
MySQL-devel-VERSION.glibc23.i386.rpm
The libraries and include files that are needed if you want to compile other MySQL clients, such as the Perl modules.
MySQL-debuginfo-VERSION.glibc23.i386.rpm
This package contains debugging information. debuginfo RPMs are never needed to use MySQL software; this is true both for the server and for client programs. However, they contain additional information that might be needed by a debugger to analyze a crash.
MySQL-shared-VERSION.glibc23.i386.rpm
This package contains the shared libraries (libmysqlclient.so*) that certain languages and applications need to dynamically load and use MySQL. It contains single-threaded and thread-safe libraries. If you install this package, do not install the MySQL-shared-compat package.
MySQL-shared-compat-VERSION.glibc23.i386.rpm
This package includes the shared libraries for MySQL 3.23, 4.0, and so on, up to the current release. It contains single-threaded and thread-safe libraries. Install this package instead of MySQL-shared if you have applications installed that are dynamically linked against older versions of MySQL but you want to upgrade to the current version without breaking the library dependencies. This package has been available since MySQL 4.0.13.
MySQL-embedded-VERSION.glibc23.i386.rpm
The embedded MySQL server library (available as of MySQL 4.0).
MySQL-ndb-management-VERSION.glibc23.i386.rpm, MySQL-ndb-storage-VERSION.glibc23.i386.rpm, MySQL-ndb-tools-VERSION.glibc23.i386.rpm, MySQL-ndb-extra-VERSION.glibc23.i386.rpm
Packages that contain additional files for MySQL Cluster installations.
Note
The MySQL-clustertools RPM requires a working installation of perl and the DBI and HTML::Template packages. See Section 2.14, “Perl Installation Notes”, and Section 15.6.19, “ndb_size.pl — NDBCLUSTER Size Requirement Estimator”, for more information.
MySQL-VERSION.src.rpm
This contains the source code for all of the previous packages. It can also be used to rebuild the RPMs on other architectures (for example, Alpha or SPARC).

The suffix of RPM package names (following the VERSION value) has the following syntax:

[.PLATFORM].CPU.rpm

The PLATFORM and CPU values indicate the type of system for which the package is built. PLATFORM, if present, indicates the platform, and CPU indicates the processor type or family.

If the PLATFORM value is missing (for example, MySQL-server-VERSION.i386.rpm), the package is statically linked against a version of glibc 2.2 that has been patched to handle larger numbers of threads with larger stack sizes than the stock library. (The exception is that MySQL-Max RPMs are always dynamically linked.)

If PLATFORM is present, the package is dynamically linked against glibc 2.3 and the PLATFORM value indicates whether the package is platform independent or intended for a specific platform, as shown in the following table.

`glibc23`	Platform independent, should run on any Linux distribution that supports `glibc` 2.3
`rhel3`, `rhel4`	Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3 or 4
`sles9`, `sles10`	SuSE Linux Enterprise Server 9 or 10

The CPU value indicates the processor type or family for which the package is built.

`i386`	x86 processor, 386 and up
`i586`	x86 processor, Pentium and up
`x86_64`	64-bit x86 processor
`ia64`	Itanium (IA-64) processor

To see all files in an RPM package (for example, a MySQL-server RPM), run a command like this:

shell> rpm -qpl MySQL-server-VERSION.glibc23.i386.rpm

To perform a standard minimal installation, install the server and client RPMs:

shell> rpm -i MySQL-server-VERSION.glibc23.i386.rpm
shell> rpm -i MySQL-client-VERSION.glibc23.i386.rpm

To install only the client programs, install just the client RPM:

shell> rpm -i MySQL-client-VERSION.glibc23.i386.rpm

RPM provides a feature to verify the integrity and authenticity of packages before installing them. If you would like to learn more about this feature, see Section 2.1.4, “Verifying Package Integrity Using MD5 Checksums or GnuPG”.

The server RPM places data under the /var/lib/mysql directory. The RPM also creates a login account for a user named mysql (if one does not exist) to use for running the MySQL server, and creates the appropriate entries in /etc/init.d/ to start the server automatically at boot time. (This means that if you have performed a previous installation and have made changes to its startup script, you may want to make a copy of the script so that you do not lose it when you install a newer RPM.) See Section 2.10.2.2, “Starting and Stopping MySQL Automatically”, for more information on how MySQL can be started automatically on system startup.

If you want to install the MySQL RPM on older Linux distributions that do not support initialization scripts in /etc/init.d (directly or via a symlink), you should create a symbolic link that points to the location where your initialization scripts actually are installed. For example, if that location is /etc/rc.d/init.d, use these commands before installing the RPM to create /etc/init.d as a symbolic link that points there:

shell> cd /etc
shell> ln -s rc.d/init.d .

However, all current major Linux distributions should support the new directory layout that uses /etc/init.d, because it is required for LSB (Linux Standard Base) compliance.

If the RPM files that you install include MySQL-server, the mysqld server should be up and running after installation. You should be able to start using MySQL.

If something goes wrong, you can find more information in the binary installation section. See Section 2.8, “Installing MySQL from tar.gz Packages on Other Unix-Like Systems”.

Note

During RPM installation, a user named mysql and a group named mysql are created on the system. This is done using the useradd, groupadd, and usermod commands. Those commands require appropriate administrative privileges, which is ensured for locally managed users and groups (as listed in the /etc/passwd and /etc/group files) by the RPM installation process being run by root.

For nonlocal user management (LDAP, NIS, and so forth), the administrative tools may require additional authentication (such as a password), and will fail if the installing user does not provide this authentication. Even if they fail, the RPM installation will not abort but succeed, and this is intentional. If they failed, some of the intended transfer of ownership may be missing, and it is recommended that the system administrator then manually ensures some appropriate user andgroup exists and manually transfers ownership following the actions in the RPM spec file.

2.5. Installing MySQL on Mac OS X

Beginning with MySQL 4.0.11, you can install MySQL on Mac OS X 10.3.x (“Panther”) or newer using a Mac OS X binary package in PKG format instead of the binary tarball distribution. Please note that older versions of Mac OS X (for example, 10.1.x or 10.2.x) are not supported by this package.

The package is located inside a disk image (.dmg) file that you first need to mount by double-clicking its icon in the Finder. It should then mount the image and display its contents.

To obtain MySQL, see Section 2.1.3, “How to Get MySQL”.

Note

Before proceeding with the installation, be sure to shut down all running MySQL server instances by either using the MySQL Manager Application (on Mac OS X Server) or via mysqladmin shutdown on the command line.

To install the MySQL PKG file, double-click on the package icon. This launches the Mac OS X Package Installer, which guides you through the installation of MySQL.

Due to a bug in the Mac OS X package installer, you may see this error message in the destination disk selection dialog:

You cannot install this software on this disk. (null)

If this error occurs, simply click the Go Back button once to return to the previous screen. Then click Continue to advance to the destination disk selection again, and you should be able to choose the destination disk correctly. We have reported this bug to Apple and it is investigating this problem.

The Mac OS X PKG of MySQL installs itself into /usr/local/mysql-VERSION and also installs a symbolic link, /usr/local/mysql, that points to the new location. If a directory named /usr/local/mysql exists, it is renamed to /usr/local/mysql.bak first. In addition, the installer creates the grant tables in the mysql database by executing mysql_install_db.

The installation layout is similar to that of a tar file binary distribution; all MySQL binaries are located in the directory /usr/local/mysql/bin. The MySQL socket file is created as /tmp/mysql.sock by default. See Section 2.1.5, “Installation Layouts”.

MySQL installation requires a Mac OS X user account named mysql. A user account with this name should exist by default on Mac OS X 10.2 and up.

If you are running Mac OS X Server, a version of MySQL should already be installed. The following table shows the versions of MySQL that ship with Mac OS X Server versions.

Mac OS X Server Version	MySQL Version
10.2-10.2.2	3.23.51
10.2.3-10.2.6	3.23.53
10.3	4.0.14
10.3.2	4.0.16
10.4.0	4.1.10a

This manual section covers the installation of the official MySQL Mac OS X PKG only. Make sure to read Apple's help information about installing MySQL: Run the Help View application, select Mac OS X Server help, search for “MySQL”, and read the item entitled “Installing MySQL”.

For preinstalled versions of MySQL on Mac OS X Server, note especially that you should start mysqld with safe_mysqld instead of mysqld_safe if MySQL is older than version 4.0.

If you previously used Marc Liyanage's MySQL packages for Mac OS X from http://www.entropy.ch, you can simply follow the update instructions for packages using the binary installation layout as given on his pages.

If you are upgrading from Marc's 3.23.x versions or from the Mac OS X Server version of MySQL to the official MySQL PKG, you also need to convert the existing MySQL privilege tables to the current format, because some new security privileges have been added. See Section 4.4.5, “mysql_fix_privilege_tables — Upgrade MySQL System Tables”.

If you want MySQL to start automatically during system startup, you also need to install the MySQL Startup Item. Starting with MySQL 4.0.15, it is part of the Mac OS X installation disk images as a separate installation package. Simply double-click the MySQLStartupItem.pkg icon and follow the instructions to install it. The Startup Item need be installed only once. There is no need to install it each time you upgrade the MySQL package later.

The Startup Item for MySQL is installed into /Library/StartupItems/MySQLCOM. (Before MySQL 4.1.2, the location was /Library/StartupItems/MySQL, but that collided with the MySQL Startup Item installed by Mac OS X Server.) Startup Item installation adds a variable MYSQLCOM=-YES- to the system configuration file /etc/hostconfig. If you want to disable the automatic startup of MySQL, simply change this variable to MYSQLCOM=-NO-.

On Mac OS X Server, the default MySQL installation uses the variable MYSQL in the /etc/hostconfig file. The MySQL Startup Item installer disables this variable by setting it to MYSQL=-NO-. This avoids boot time conflicts with the MYSQLCOM variable used by the MySQL Startup Item. However, it does not shut down a running MySQL server. You should do that yourself.

After the installation, you can start up MySQL by running the following commands in a terminal window. You must have administrator privileges to perform this task.

If you have installed the Startup Item, use this command:

shell> sudo /Library/StartupItems/MySQLCOM/MySQLCOM start
(Enter your password, if necessary)
(Press Control-D or enter "exit" to exit the shell)

For versions of MySQL older than 4.1.3, substitute /Library/StartupItems/MySQLCOM/MySQLCOM with /Library/StartupItems/MySQL/MySQL above.

If you do not use the Startup Item, enter the following command sequence:

shell> cd /usr/local/mysql
shell> sudo ./bin/mysqld_safe
(Enter your password, if necessary)
(Press Control-Z)
shell> bg
(Press Control-D or enter "exit" to exit the shell)

You should be able to connect to the MySQL server, for example, by running /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql.

Note

You might want to add aliases to your shell's resource file to make it easier to access commonly used programs such as mysql and mysqladmin from the command line. The syntax for bash is:

alias mysql=/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql
alias mysqladmin=/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqladmin

For tcsh, use:

alias mysql /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql
alias mysqladmin /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqladmin

Even better, add /usr/local/mysql/bin to your PATH environment variable. You can do this by modifying the appropriate startup file for your shell. For more information, see Section 4.2.1, “Invoking MySQL Programs”.

If you are upgrading an existing installation, note that installing a new MySQL PKG does not remove the directory of an older installation. Unfortunately, the Mac OS X Installer does not yet offer the functionality required to properly upgrade previously installed packages.

To use your existing databases with the new installation, you will need to copy the contents of the old data directory to the new data directory. Make sure that neither the old server nor the new one is running when you do this. After you have copied over the MySQL database files from the previous installation and have successfully started the new server, you should consider removing the old installation files to save disk space. Additionally, you should also remove older versions of the Package Receipt directories located in /Library/Receipts/mysql-VERSION.pkg.

2.6. Installing MySQL on Solaris

To obtain a binary MySQL distribution for Solaris in tarball or PKG format, http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/mysql/4.1.html.

If you install MySQL using a binary tarball distribution on Solaris, you may run into trouble even before you get the MySQL distribution unpacked, as the Solaris tar cannot handle long file names. This means that you may see errors when you try to unpack MySQL.

If this occurs, you must use GNU tar (gtar) to unpack the distribution.

You can install MySQL on Solaris using a binary package in PKG format instead of the binary tarball distribution. Some basic PKG-handling commands follow:

To add a package:
```
pkgadd -d package_name.pkg
```
To remove a package:
```
pkgrm package_name
```
To get a full list of installed packages:
```
pkginfo
```
To get detailed information for a package:
```
pkginfo -l package_name
```
To list the files belonging to a package:
```
pkgchk -v package_name
```
To get packaging information for an arbitrary file:
```
pkgchk -l -p file_name
```

For additional information about installing MySQL on Solaris, see Section 2.12.3, “Solaris Notes”.

2.7. Installing MySQL on NetWare

Porting MySQL to NetWare was an effort spearheaded by Novell. Novell customers should be pleased to note that NetWare 6.5 ships with bundled MySQL binaries, complete with an automatic commercial use license for all servers running that version of NetWare.

MySQL for NetWare is compiled using a combination of Metrowerks CodeWarrior for NetWare and special cross-compilation versions of the GNU autotools.

The latest binary packages for NetWare can be obtained at http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/. See Section 2.1.3, “How to Get MySQL”.

To host MySQL, the NetWare server must meet these requirements:

The latest Support Pack of NetWare 6.5 must be installed.
The system must meet Novell's minimum requirements to run the respective version of NetWare.
MySQL data and the program binaries must be installed on an NSS volume; traditional volumes are not supported.

To install MySQL for NetWare, use the following procedure:

If you are upgrading from a prior installation, stop the MySQL server. This is done from the server console, using the following command:
```
SERVER:  mysqladmin -u root shutdown
```
Note
If the MySQL root user account has a password, you need to invoke mysqladmin with the -p option and supply the password when prompted.
Log on to the target server from a client machine with access to the location where you are installing MySQL.
Extract the binary package Zip file onto the server. Be sure to allow the paths in the Zip file to be used. It is safe to simply extract the file to SYS:\.
If you are upgrading from a prior installation, you may need to copy the data directory (for example, SYS:MYSQL\DATA), as well as my.cnf, if you have customized it. You can then delete the old copy of MySQL.
You might want to rename the directory to something more consistent and easy to use. The examples in this manual use SYS:MYSQL to refer to the installation directory.
Note that MySQL installation on NetWare does not detect if a version of MySQL is already installed outside the NetWare release. Therefore, if you have installed the latest MySQL version from the Web (for example, MySQL 4.1 or later) in SYS:\MYSQL, you must rename the folder before upgrading the NetWare server; otherwise, files in SYS:\MySQL are overwritten by the MySQL version present in NetWare Support Pack.
At the server console, add a search path for the directory containing the MySQL NLMs. For example:
```
SERVER:  SEARCH ADD SYS:MYSQL\BIN
```
Initialize the data directory and the grant tables, if necessary, by executing mysql_install_db at the server console.
Start the MySQL server using mysqld_safe at the server console.
To finish the installation, you should also add the following commands to autoexec.ncf. For example, if your MySQL installation is in SYS:MYSQL and you want MySQL to start automatically, you could add these lines:
```
#Starts the MySQL 4.0.x database server
SEARCH ADD SYS:MYSQL\BIN
MYSQLD_SAFE
```
If you are running MySQL on NetWare 6.0, we strongly suggest that you use the --skip-external-locking option on the command line:
```
#Starts the MySQL 4.0.x database server
SEARCH ADD SYS:MYSQL\BIN
MYSQLD_SAFE --skip-external-locking
```
It is also necessary to use CHECK TABLE and REPAIR TABLE instead of myisamchk, because myisamchk makes use of external locking. External locking is known to have problems on NetWare 6.0; the problem has been eliminated in NetWare 6.5. Note that the use of MySQL on Netware 6.0 is not officially supported.
mysqld_safe on NetWare provides a screen presence. When you unload (shut down) the mysqld_safe NLM, the screen does not go away by default. Instead, it prompts for user input:
```
*<NLM has terminated; Press any key to close the screen>*
```
If you want NetWare to close the screen automatically instead, use the --autoclose option to mysqld_safe. For example:
```
#Starts the MySQL 4.0.x database server
SEARCH ADD SYS:MYSQL\BIN
MYSQLD_SAFE --autoclose
```
The behavior of mysqld_safe on NetWare is described further in Section 4.3.2, “mysqld_safe — MySQL Server Startup Script”.
When installing MySQL version 4.1.x or later, either for the first time or upgrading the 4.0.x version to 4.1.x or later, download and install the latest and appropriate Perl module and PHP extension for NetWare:
- Perl: http://forge.novell.com/modules/xfcontent/downloads.php/perl/Modules/
- PHP: http://forge.novell.com/modules/xfcontent/downloads.php/php/Modules/

If there was an existing installation of MySQL on the NetWare server, be sure to check for existing MySQL startup commands in autoexec.ncf, and edit or delete them as necessary.

Note

2.8. Installing MySQL from `tar.gz` Packages on Other Unix-Like Systems

This section covers the installation of MySQL binary distributions that are provided for various platforms in the form of compressed tar files (files with a .tar.gz extension). See Section 2.1.2.4, “MySQL Binaries Compiled by Sun Microsystems, Inc.”, for a detailed list.

To obtain MySQL, see Section 2.1.3, “How to Get MySQL”.

MySQL tar file binary distributions have names of the form mysql-VERSION-OS.tar.gz, where VERSION is a number (for example, 4.0.17), and OS indicates the type of operating system for which the distribution is intended (for example, pc-linux-i686).

In addition to these generic packages, we also offer binaries in platform-specific package formats for selected platforms. See Section 2.2, “Standard MySQL Installation Using a Binary Distribution”, for more information on how to install these.

You need the following tools to install a MySQL tar file binary distribution:

GNU gunzip to uncompress the distribution.
A reasonable tar to unpack the distribution. GNU tar is known to work. Some operating systems come with a preinstalled version of tar that is known to have problems. For example, Mac OS X tar and Sun tar are known to have problems with long file names. On Mac OS X, you can use the preinstalled gnutar program. On other systems with a deficient tar, you should install GNU tar first.

If you run into problems and need to file a bug report, please use the instructions in Section 1.6, “How to Report Bugs or Problems”.

The basic commands that you must execute to install and use a MySQL binary distribution are:

shell> groupadd mysql
shell> useradd -g mysql mysql
shell> cd /usr/local
shell> gunzip < /path/to/mysql-VERSION-OS.tar.gz | tar xvf -
shell> ln -s full-path-to-mysql-VERSION-OS mysql
shell> cd mysql
shell> chown -R mysql .
shell> chgrp -R mysql .
shell> scripts/mysql_install_db --user=mysql
shell> chown -R root .
shell> chown -R mysql data
shell> bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql &

For versions of MySQL older than 4.0, substitute bin/safe_mysqld for bin/mysqld_safe in the final command.

Note

This procedure does not set up any passwords for MySQL accounts. After following the procedure, proceed to Section 2.10, “Post-Installation Setup and Testing”.

A more detailed version of the preceding description for installing a binary distribution follows:

Add a login user and group for mysqld to run as:
```
shell> groupadd mysql
shell> useradd -g mysql mysql
```
These commands add the mysql group and the mysql user. The syntax for useradd and groupadd may differ slightly on different versions of Unix, or they may have different names such as adduser and addgroup.
You might want to call the user and group something else instead of mysql. If so, substitute the appropriate name in the following steps.
Pick the directory under which you want to unpack the distribution and change location into it. In the following example, we unpack the distribution under /usr/local. (The instructions, therefore, assume that you have permission to create files and directories in /usr/local. If that directory is protected, you must perform the installation as root.)
```
shell> cd /usr/local
```
Obtain a distribution file using the instructions in Section 2.1.3, “How to Get MySQL”. For a given release, binary distributions for all platforms are built from the same MySQL source distribution.
Unpack the distribution, which creates the installation directory. Then create a symbolic link to that directory:
```
shell> gunzip < /path/to/mysql-VERSION-OS.tar.gz | tar xvf -
shell> ln -s full-path-to-mysql-VERSION-OS mysql
```
The tar command creates a directory named mysql-VERSION-OS. The ln command makes a symbolic link to that directory. This lets you refer more easily to the installation directory as /usr/local/mysql.
With GNU tar, no separate invocation of gunzip is necessary. You can replace the first line with the following alternative command to uncompress and extract the distribution:
```
shell> tar zxvf /path/to/mysql-VERSION-OS.tar.gz
```
Change location into the installation directory:
```
shell> cd mysql
```
You will find several files and subdirectories in the mysql directory. The most important for installation purposes are the bin and scripts subdirectories:
- The bin directory contains client programs and the server. You should add the full path name of this directory to your PATH environment variable so that your shell finds the MySQL programs properly. See Section 2.13, “Environment Variables”.
- The scripts directory contains the mysql_install_db script used to initialize the mysql database containing the grant tables that store the server access permissions.
Ensure that the distribution contents are accessible to mysql. If you unpacked the distribution as mysql, no further action is required. If you unpacked the distribution as root, its contents will be owned by root. Change its ownership to mysql by executing the following commands as root in the installation directory:
```
shell> chown -R mysql .
shell> chgrp -R mysql .
```
The first command changes the owner attribute of the files to the mysql user. The second changes the group attribute to the mysql group.
If you have not installed MySQL before, you must create the MySQL data directory and initialize the grant tables:
```
shell> scripts/mysql_install_db --user=mysql
```
If you run the command as root, include the --user option as shown. If you run the command while logged in as that user, you can omit the --user option.
The command should create the data directory and its contents with mysql as the owner.
Note that for MySQL versions older than 3.22.10, mysql_install_db left the server running after creating the grant tables. This is no longer true; you need to restart the server after performing the remaining steps in this procedure.
Most of the MySQL installation can be owned by root if you like. The exception is that the data directory must be owned by mysql. To accomplish this, run the following commands as root in the installation directory:
```
shell> chown -R root .
shell> chown -R mysql data
```
If you want MySQL to start automatically when you boot your machine, you can copy support-files/mysql.server to the location where your system has its startup files. More information can be found in the mysql.server script itself, and in Section 2.10.2.2, “Starting and Stopping MySQL Automatically”.
You can set up new accounts using the bin/mysql_setpermission script if you install the DBI and DBD::mysql Perl modules. See Section 4.6.15, “mysql_setpermission — Interactively Set Permissions in Grant Tables”. For Perl module installation instructions, see Section 2.14, “Perl Installation Notes”.
If you would like to use mysqlaccess and have the MySQL distribution in some nonstandard location, you must change the location where mysqlaccess expects to find the mysql client. Edit the bin/mysqlaccess script at approximately line 18. Search for a line that looks like this:
```
$MYSQL     = '/usr/local/bin/mysql';    # path to mysql executable
```
Change the path to reflect the location where mysql actually is stored on your system. If you do not do this, a Broken pipe error will occur when you run mysqlaccess.

After everything has been unpacked and installed, you should test your distribution. To start the MySQL server, use the following command:

shell> bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql &

If you run the command as root, you must use the --user option as shown. The value of the option is the name of the login account that you created in the first step to use for running the server. If you run the command while logged in as mysql, you can omit the --user option.

If the command fails immediately and prints mysqld ended, you can find some information in the host_name.err file in the data directory.

For versions of MySQL older than 4.0, substitute bin/safe_mysqld for bin/mysqld_safe in the command.

More information about mysqld_safe is given in Section 4.3.2, “mysqld_safe — MySQL Server Startup Script”.

Note

2.9. MySQL Installation Using a Source Distribution

2.9.1. Source Installation Overview
2.9.2. Typical configure Options
2.9.3. Installing from the Development Source Tree
2.9.4. Dealing with Problems Compiling MySQL
2.9.5. MIT-pthreads Notes
2.9.6. Installing MySQL from Source on Windows
2.9.7. Compiling MySQL Clients on Windows

Before you proceed with an installation from source, first check whether our binary is available for your platform and whether it works for you. We put a great deal of effort into ensuring that our binaries are built with the best possible options.

To obtain a source distribution for MySQL, Section 2.1.3, “How to Get MySQL”. If you want to build MySQL from source on Windows, see Section 2.9.6, “Installing MySQL from Source on Windows”.

MySQL source distributions are provided as compressed tar archives and have names of the form mysql-VERSION.tar.gz, where VERSION is a number like 4.1.13.

You need the following tools to build and install MySQL from source:

GNU gunzip to uncompress the distribution.
A reasonable tar to unpack the distribution. GNU tar is known to work. Some operating systems come with a preinstalled version of tar that is known to have problems. For example, the tar provided with early versions of Mac OS X tar, SunOS 4.x and Solaris 8 and earlier are known to have problems with long file names. On Mac OS X, you can use the preinstalled gnutar program. On other systems with a deficient tar, you should install GNU tar first.
A working ANSI C++ compiler. gcc 2.95.2 or later, SGI C++, and SunPro C++ are some of the compilers that are known to work. libg++ is not needed when using gcc. gcc 2.7.x has a bug that makes it impossible to compile some perfectly legal C++ files, such as sql/sql_base.cc. If you have only gcc 2.7.x, you must upgrade your gcc to be able to compile MySQL. gcc 2.8.1 is also known to have problems on some platforms, so it should be avoided if a new compiler exists for the platform. gcc 2.95.2 or later is recommended.
A good make program. GNU make is always recommended and is sometimes required. (BSD make fails, and vendor-provided make implementations may fail as well.) If you have problems, use GNU make 3.75 or newer.
libtool 1.5.24 or later is also recommended.

If you are using a version of gcc recent enough to understand the -fno-exceptions option, it is very important that you use this option. Otherwise, you may compile a binary that crashes randomly. Also use -felide-constructors and -fno-rtti as well. When in doubt, do the following:

CFLAGS="-O3" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3 -felide-constructors \
       -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti" ./configure \
       --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --enable-assembler \
       --with-mysqld-ldflags=-all-static

On most systems, this gives you a fast and stable binary.

If you run into problems and need to file a bug report, please use the instructions in Section 1.6, “How to Report Bugs or Problems”.

2.9.1. Source Installation Overview

The basic commands that you must execute to install a MySQL source distribution are:

shell> groupadd mysql
shell> useradd -g mysql mysql
shell> gunzip < mysql-VERSION.tar.gz | tar -xvf -
shell> cd mysql-VERSION
shell> ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
shell> make
shell> make install
shell> cp support-files/my-medium.cnf /etc/my.cnf
shell> cd /usr/local/mysql
shell> chown -R mysql .
shell> chgrp -R mysql .
shell> bin/mysql_install_db --user=mysql
shell> chown -R root .
shell> chown -R mysql var
shell> bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql &

For versions of MySQL older than 4.0, substitute bin/safe_mysqld for bin/mysqld_safe in the final command.

If you start from a source RPM, do the following:

shell> rpmbuild --rebuild --clean MySQL-VERSION.src.rpm

This makes a binary RPM that you can install. For older versions of RPM, you may have to replace the command rpmbuild with rpm instead.

Note

This procedure does not set up any passwords for MySQL accounts. After following the procedure, proceed to Section 2.10, “Post-Installation Setup and Testing”, for post-installation setup and testing.

A more detailed version of the preceding description for installing MySQL from a source distribution follows:

Add a login user and group for mysqld to run as:
```
shell> groupadd mysql
shell> useradd -g mysql mysql
```
These commands add the mysql group and the mysql user. The syntax for useradd and groupadd may differ slightly on different versions of Unix, or they may have different names such as adduser and addgroup.
You might want to call the user and group something other than mysql. If so, substitute the appropriate name in the following steps.
Perform the following steps as the mysql user, except as noted.
Pick the directory under which you want to unpack the distribution and change location into it.
Obtain a distribution file using the instructions in Section 2.1.3, “How to Get MySQL”.
Unpack the distribution into the current directory:
```
shell> gunzip < /path/to/mysql-VERSION.tar.gz | tar xvf -
```
This command creates a directory named mysql-VERSION.
With GNU tar, no separate invocation of gunzip is necessary. You can use the following alternative command to uncompress and extract the distribution:
```
shell> tar zxvf /path/to/mysql-VERSION-OS.tar.gz
```
Change location into the top-level directory of the unpacked distribution:
```
shell> cd mysql-VERSION
```
Note that currently you must configure and build MySQL from this top-level directory. You cannot build it in a different directory.
Configure the release and compile everything:
```
shell> ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
shell> make
```
When you run configure, you might want to specify other options. Run ./configure --help for a list of options. Section 2.9.2, “Typical configure Options”, discusses some of the more useful options.
If configure fails and you are going to send mail to a MySQL mailing list to ask for assistance, please include any lines from config.log that you think can help solve the problem. Also include the last couple of lines of output from configure. To file a bug report, please use the instructions in Section 1.6, “How to Report Bugs or Problems”.
If the compile fails, see Section 2.9.4, “Dealing with Problems Compiling MySQL”, for help.
Install the distribution:
```
shell> make install
```
You might need to run this command as root.
If you want to set up an option file, use one of those present in the support-files directory as a template. For example:
```
shell> cp support-files/my-medium.cnf /etc/my.cnf
```
You might need to run this command as root.
If you want to configure support for InnoDB tables, you should edit the /etc/my.cnf file, removing the # character before the option lines that start with innodb_..., and modify the option values to be what you want. See Section 4.2.3.3, “Using Option Files”, and Section 13.2.3, “InnoDB Configuration”.
Change location into the installation directory:
```
shell> cd /usr/local/mysql
```
If you ran the make install command as root, the installed files will be owned by root. Ensure that the installation is accessible to mysql by executing the following commands as root in the installation directory:
```
shell> chown -R mysql .
shell> chgrp -R mysql .
```
The first command changes the owner attribute of the files to the mysql user. The second changes the group attribute to the mysql group.
If you have not installed MySQL before, you must create the MySQL data directory and initialize the grant tables:
```
shell> bin/mysql_install_db --user=mysql
```
If you run the command as root, include the --user option as shown. If you run the command while logged in as mysql, you can omit the --user option.
The command should create the data directory and its contents with mysql as the owner.
Note that for MySQL versions older than 3.22.10, mysql_install_db left the server running after creating the grant tables. This is no longer true; you need to restart the server after performing the remaining steps in this procedure.
Most of the MySQL installation can be owned by root if you like. The exception is that the data directory must be owned by mysql. To accomplish this, run the following commands as root in the installation directory:
```
shell> chown -R root .
shell> chown -R mysql var
```
If you want MySQL to start automatically when you boot your machine, you can copy support-files/mysql.server to the location where your system has its startup files. More information can be found in the script itself, and in Section 2.10.2.2, “Starting and Stopping MySQL Automatically”.
You can set up new accounts using the bin/mysql_setpermission script if you install the DBI and DBD::mysql Perl modules. See Section 4.6.15, “mysql_setpermission — Interactively Set Permissions in Grant Tables”. For Perl module installation instructions, see Section 2.14, “Perl Installation Notes”.

After everything has been installed, you should test your distribution. To start the MySQL server, use the following command:

shell> /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql &

For versions of MySQL older than 4.0, substitute safe_mysqld for mysqld_safe in the command.

If you run the command as root, you should use the --user option as shown. The value of the option is the name of the login account that you created in the first step to use for running the server. If you run the command while logged in as that user, you can omit the --user option.

If the command fails immediately and prints mysqld ended, you can find some information in the host_name.err file in the data directory.

More information about mysqld_safe is given in Section 4.3.2, “mysqld_safe — MySQL Server Startup Script”.

Note

2.9.2. Typical configure Options

The configure script gives you a great deal of control over how you configure a MySQL source distribution. Typically you do this using options on the configure command line. You can also affect configure using certain environment variables. See Section 2.13, “Environment Variables”. For a list of options supported by configure, run this command:

shell> ./configure --help

Some of the configure options available are described here. For options that may be of use if you have difficulties building MySQL, see Section 2.9.4, “Dealing with Problems Compiling MySQL”.

To compile just the MySQL client libraries and client programs and not the server, use the --without-server option:
```
shell> ./configure --without-server
```
If you have no C++ compiler, some client programs such as mysql cannot be compiled because they require C++.. In this case, you can remove the code in configure that tests for the C++ compiler and then run ./configure with the --without-server option. The compile step should still try to build all clients, but you can ignore any warnings about files such as mysql.cc. (If make stops, try make -k to tell it to continue with the rest of the build even if errors occur.)
If you want to build the embedded MySQL library (libmysqld.a), use the --with-embedded-server option.
If you do not want your log files and database directories located under /usr/local/var, use a configure command something like one of these:
```
shell> ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
shell> ./configure --prefix=/usr/local \
           --localstatedir=/usr/local/mysql/data
```
The first command changes the installation prefix so that everything is installed under /usr/local/mysql rather than the default of /usr/local. The second command preserves the default installation prefix, but overrides the default location for database directories (normally /usr/local/var) and changes it to /usr/local/mysql/data.
You can also specify the installation directory and data directory locations at server startup time by using the --basedir and --datadir options. These can be given on the command line or in an MySQL option file, although it is more common to use an option file. See Section 4.2.3.3, “Using Option Files”.
If you are using Unix and you want the MySQL socket file location to be somewhere other than the default location (normally in the directory /tmp or /var/run), use a configure command like this:
```
shell> ./configure \
           --with-unix-socket-path=/usr/local/mysql/tmp/mysql.sock
```
The socket file name must be an absolute path name. You can also change the location of mysql.sock at server startup by using a MySQL option file. See Section A.1.4.5, “How to Protect or Change the MySQL Unix Socket File”.
If you want to compile statically linked programs (for example, to make a binary distribution, to get better performance, or to work around problems with some Red Hat Linux distributions), run configure like this:
```
shell> ./configure --with-client-ldflags=-all-static \
           --with-mysqld-ldflags=-all-static
```
If you are using gcc and do not have libg++ or libstdc++ installed, you can tell configure to use gcc as your C++ compiler:
```
shell> CC=gcc CXX=gcc ./configure
```
When you use gcc as your C++ compiler, it does not attempt to link in libg++ or libstdc++. This may be a good thing to do even if you have those libraries installed. Some versions of them have caused strange problems for MySQL users in the past.
The following list indicates some compilers and environment variable settings that are commonly used with each one.
- gcc 2.7.2:
```
CC=gcc CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3 -felide-constructors"
```
- gcc 2.95.2:
```
CFLAGS="-O3 -mpentiumpro" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3 -mpentiumpro \
-felide-constructors -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti"
```
- pgcc 2.90.29 or newer:
```
CFLAGS="-O3 -mpentiumpro -mstack-align-double" CXX=gcc \
CXXFLAGS="-O3 -mpentiumpro -mstack-align-double \
-felide-constructors -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti"
```
In most cases, you can get a reasonably optimized MySQL binary by using the options from the preceding list and adding the following options to the configure line:
```
--prefix=/usr/local/mysql --enable-assembler \
--with-mysqld-ldflags=-all-static
```
The full configure line would, in other words, be something like the following for all recent gcc versions:
```
CFLAGS="-O3 -mpentiumpro" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3 -mpentiumpro \
-felide-constructors -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti" ./configure \
--prefix=/usr/local/mysql --enable-assembler \
--with-mysqld-ldflags=-all-static
```
The binaries we provide on the MySQL Web site at http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/ are all compiled with full optimization and should be perfect for most users. See Section 2.1.2.4, “MySQL Binaries Compiled by Sun Microsystems, Inc.”. There are some configuration settings you can tweak to build an even faster binary, but these are only for advanced users. See Section 7.5.1, “How Compiling and Linking Affects the Speed of MySQL”.
If the build fails and produces errors about your compiler or linker not being able to create the shared library libmysqlclient.so.N (where N is a version number), you can work around this problem by giving the --disable-shared option to configure. In this case, configure does not build a shared libmysqlclient.so.N library.
By default, MySQL uses the latin1 (cp1252 West European) character set. To change the default set, use the --with-charset option:
```
shell> ./configure --with-charset=CHARSET
```
CHARSET may be one of big5, cp1251, cp1257, czech, danish, dec8, dos, euc_kr, gb2312, gbk, german1, hebrew, hp8, hungarian, koi8_ru, koi8_ukr, latin1, latin2, sjis, swe7, tis620, ujis, usa7, or win1251ukr. See Section 9.2, “The Character Set Used for Data and Sorting”. (Additional character sets might be available. Check the output from ./configure --help for the current list.)
As of MySQL 4.1.1, the default collation may also be specified. MySQL uses the latin1_swedish_ci collation. To change this, use the --with-collation option:
```
shell> ./configure --with-collation=COLLATION
```
To change both the character set and the collation, use both the --with-charset and --with-collation options. The collation must be a legal collation for the character set. (Use the SHOW COLLATION statement to determine which collations are available for each character set.)
Warning
If you change character sets after having created any tables, you have to run myisamchk -r -q --set-collation=collation_name on every MyISAM table. Your indexes may be sorted incorrectly otherwise. This can happen if you install MySQL, create some tables, and then reconfigure MySQL to use a different character set and reinstall it. (Use --set-character-set before MySQL 4.1.1.)
With the configure option --with-extra-charsets=LIST, you can define which additional character sets should be compiled into the server. LIST is one of the following:
- A list of character set names separated by spaces
- complex to include all character sets that can't be dynamically loaded
- all to include all character sets into the binaries
Clients that want to convert characters between the server and the client should use the SET NAMES statement. See Section 5.1.4, “Session System Variables”, and Section 9.1.4, “Connection Character Sets and Collations”.
To configure MySQL with debugging code, use the --with-debug option:
```
shell> ./configure --with-debug
```
This causes a safe memory allocator to be included that can find some errors and that provides output about what is happening. See MySQL Internals: Porting.
If your client programs are using threads, you must compile a thread-safe version of the MySQL client library with the --enable-thread-safe-client configure option. This creates a libmysqlclient_r library with which you should link your threaded applications. See Section 17.7.16, “How to Make a Threaded Client”.
Some features require that the server be built with compression library support, such as the COMPRESS() and UNCOMPRESS() functions, and compression of the client/server protocol. The --with-zlib-dir=no|bundled|DIR option provides control for compression library support. The value no explicitly disables compression support. bundled causes the zlib library bundled in the MySQL sources to be used. A DIR path name specifies where to find the compression library sources.
It is possible to build MySQL with big table support using the --with-big-tables option, beginning with the following MySQL versions:
- 4.0 series: 4.0.25
- 4.1 series: 4.1.11
This option causes the variables that store table row counts to be declared as unsigned long long rather than unsigned long. This enables tables to hold up to approximately 1.844E+19 ((2³²)²) rows rather than 2³² (~4.295E+09) rows. Previously it was necessary to pass -DBIG_TABLES to the compiler manually in order to enable this feature.
See Section 2.12, “Operating System-Specific Notes”, for options that pertain to particular operating systems.
See Section 5.6.7.2, “Using SSL Connections”, for options that pertain to configuring MySQL to support secure (encrypted) connections.

2.9.3. Installing from the Development Source Tree

This section does not apply to MySQL Enterprise Server users.

Caution

You should read this section only if you are interested in helping us test our new code. If you just want to get MySQL up and running on your system, you should use a standard release distribution (either a binary or source distribution).

To obtain the most recent development source tree, you first need to download and install Bazaar. You can obtain Bazaar from the Bazaar VCS Website. Bazaar is supported by any platform that supports Python, and is therefore compatible with any Linux, Unix, Windows or Mac OS X host. Instructions for downloading and installing Bazaar on the different platforms are available on the Bazaar website.

All MySQL projects are hosted on Launchpad. MySQL projects, including MySQL server, MySQL Workbench and others are available from the Sun/MySQL Engineering page. For the repositories related only to MySQL server, see the MySQL Server page.

To build under Unix/Linux, you must have the following tools installed:

GNU make, available from http://www.gnu.org/software/make/. Although some platforms come with their own make implementations, it is highly recommended that you use GNU make. It may already be available on your system as gmake.
autoconf 2.58 (or newer), available from http://www.gnu.org/software/autoconf/.
automake 1.8.1, available from http://www.gnu.org/software/automake/.
libtool 1.5, available from http://www.gnu.org/software/libtool/.
m4, available from http://www.gnu.org/software/m4/.
bison, available from http://www.gnu.org/software/bison/. You should use the latest version of bison where possible. Version 1.75 and version 2.1 are known to work. There have been reported problems with bison 1.875. If you experience problems, upgrade to a later, rather than earlier, version. Versions of bison older than 1.75 may report this error:
```
sql_yacc.yy:#####: fatal error: maximum table size (32767) exceeded
```
The maximum table size is not actually exceeded; the error is caused by bugs in older versions of bison.

To build under Windows you will need a copy of Microsoft Visual C++ 2005 Express Edition, Visual Studio .Net 2003 (7.1), or Visual Studio 2005 (8.0) compiler system.

Once you have the necessary tools installed, you first need to create a local branch of the MySQL source code on your machine:

To obtain a copy of the MySQL source code, you must create a new Bazaar branch. If you do not already have a Bazaar repository directory set up, you need to initialize a new directory:
```
shell> mkdir mysql-server
shell> bzr init-repo --trees mysql-server
```
Once you have an initialized directory, you can branch from the public MySQL server repositories. To create a branch of a specific version:
```
shell> cd mysql-server
shell> bzr branch lp:mysql-server/4.1 mysql-4.1
```
The initial download will take some time to complete, depending on the speed of your connection. Please be patient. Once you have downloaded the first tree, additional trees should take significantly less time to download.
When building from the Bazaar branch, you may want to create a copy of your active branch so that you can make configuration and other changes without affecting the original branch contents. You can achieve this by branching from the original branch:
```
shell> bzr branch mysql-4.1 mysql-4.1-build
```

Once you have the local branch, you can start to build MySQL server from the source code. On Windows, the build process is different from Unix/Linux. To continue building MySQL on Windows, see Section 2.9.6.2, “Creating a Windows Source Package from the Latest Development Source”.

On Unix/Linux you need to use the autoconf system to create the configure script so that you can configure the build environment before building.

The following example shows the typical commands required to configure a source tree. The first cd command changes location into the top-level directory of the tree; replace mysql-4.1 with the appropriate directory name.
Note
For MySQL 5.1.12 and earlier, you must separately configure the INNODB storage engine. You can do this by running the following command from the main source directory:
```
shell> cd mysql-4.1
shell> (cd bdb/deist; sh s_all)
shell> (cd innobase; autoreconf --force --install)
shell> autoreconf --force --install
shell> ./configure  # Add your favorite options here
shell> make
```
Or you can use BUILD/autorun.sh as a shortcut for the following sequence of commands:
```
shell> aclocal; autoheader
shell> libtoolize --automake --force
shell> automake --force --add-missing; autoconf
shell> (cd bdb/deist; sh s_all)
shell> (cd innobase; aclocal; autoheader; autoconf; automake)
```
The command line that changes directory into the storage/innobase directory is used to configure the InnoDB storage engine. You can omit this lines if you do not require InnoDB support.
If you get some strange errors during this stage, verify that you have the correct version of the libtool installed.
A collection of our standard configuration scripts is located in the BUILD/ subdirectory. For example, you may find it more convenient to use the BUILD/compile-pentium-debug script than the preceding set of shell commands. To compile on a different architecture, modify the script by removing flags that are Pentium-specific, or use another script that may be more appropriate. These scripts are provided on an “as-is” basis. They are not officially maintained and their contents may change from release to release.
When the build is done, run make install. Be careful with this on a production machine; the command may overwrite your live release installation. If you have another installation of MySQL, run ./configure with different values for the --prefix, --with-tcp-port, and --with-unix-socket-path options than those used for your production server.
Play hard with your new installation and try to make the new features crash. Start by running make test. See Section 18.1.2, “MySQL Test Suite”.
If you have gotten to the make stage, but the distribution does not compile, please enter the problem into our bugs database using the instructions given in Section 1.6, “How to Report Bugs or Problems”. If you have installed the latest versions of the required GNU tools, and they crash trying to process our configuration files, please report that also. However, if you execute aclocal and get a command not found error or a similar problem, do not report it. Instead, make sure that all the necessary tools are installed and that your PATH variable is set correctly so that your shell can find them.
After initially copying the repository with bzr to obtain the source tree, you should use pull option to periodically update your local copy. To do this any time after you have set up the repository, use this command:
```
shell> bzr pull
```
You can examine the changeset comments for the tree by using the log option to bzr:
```
shell> bzr log
```
You can also browse changesets, comments, and source code online. To browse this information for MySQL 4.1, go to http://launchpad.net/mysql-server/.
If you see diffs or code that you have a question about, do not hesitate to send email to the MySQL internals mailing list. See Section 1.5.1, “MySQL Mailing Lists”. Also, if you think you have a better idea on how to do something, send an email message to the list with a patch.

2.9.4. Dealing with Problems Compiling MySQL

All MySQL programs compile cleanly for us with no warnings on Solaris or Linux using gcc. On other systems, warnings may occur due to differences in system include files. See Section 2.9.5, “MIT-pthreads Notes”, for warnings that may occur when using MIT-pthreads. For other problems, check the following list.

The solution to many problems involves reconfiguring. If you do need to reconfigure, take note of the following:

If configure is run after it has previously been run, it may use information that was gathered during its previous invocation. This information is stored in config.cache. When configure starts up, it looks for that file and reads its contents if it exists, on the assumption that the information is still correct. That assumption is invalid when you reconfigure.
Each time you run configure, you must run make again to recompile. However, you may want to remove old object files from previous builds first because they were compiled using different configuration options.

To prevent old configuration information or object files from being used, run these commands before re-running configure:

shell> rm config.cache
shell> make clean

Alternatively, you can run make distclean.

The following list describes some of the problems when compiling MySQL that have been found to occur most often:

If you get errors such as the ones shown here when compiling sql_yacc.cc, you probably have run out of memory or swap space:
```
Internal compiler error: program cc1plus got fatal signal 11
Out of virtual memory
Virtual memory exhausted
```
The problem is that gcc requires a huge amount of memory to compile sql_yacc.cc with inline functions. Try running configure with the --with-low-memory option:
```
shell> ./configure --with-low-memory
```
This option causes -fno-inline to be added to the compile line if you are using gcc and -O0 if you are using something else. You should try the --with-low-memory option even if you have so much memory and swap space that you think you can't possibly have run out. This problem has been observed to occur even on systems with generous hardware configurations, and the --with-low-memory option usually fixes it.
By default, configure picks c++ as the compiler name and GNU c++ links with -lg++. If you are using gcc, that behavior can cause problems during configuration such as this:
```
configure: error: installation or configuration problem:
C++ compiler cannot create executables.
```
You might also observe problems during compilation related to g++, libg++, or libstdc++.
One cause of these problems is that you may not have g++, or you may have g++ but not libg++, or libstdc++. Take a look at the config.log file. It should contain the exact reason why your C++ compiler did not work. To work around these problems, you can use gcc as your C++ compiler. Try setting the environment variable CXX to "gcc -O3". For example:
```
shell> CXX="gcc -O3" ./configure
```
This works because gcc compiles C++ source files as well as g++ does, but does not link in libg++ or libstdc++ by default.
Another way to fix these problems is to install g++, libg++, and libstdc++. However, do not use libg++ or libstdc++ with MySQL because this only increases the binary size of mysqld without providing any benefits. Some versions of these libraries have also caused strange problems for MySQL users in the past.
Using gcc as the C++ compiler is also required if you want to compile MySQL with RAID functionality (see Section 12.1.5, “CREATE TABLE Syntax”, for more info on RAID table type) and you are using GNU gcc version 3 and above. If you get errors like those following during the linking stage when you configure MySQL to compile with the option --with-raid, try to use gcc as your C++ compiler by defining the CXX environment variable:
```
gcc -O3 -DDBUG_OFF -rdynamic -o isamchk isamchk.o sort.o  libnisam.a
../mysys/libmysys.a ../dbug/libdbug.a ../strings/libmystrings.a
 -lpthread -lz -lcrypt -lnsl -lm -lpthread
../mysys/libmysys.a(raid.o)(.text+0x79): In function
`my_raid_create':: undefined reference to `operator new(unsigned)'
../mysys/libmysys.a(raid.o)(.text+0xdd): In function
`my_raid_create':: undefined reference to `operator delete(void*)'
../mysys/libmysys.a(raid.o)(.text+0x129): In function
`my_raid_open':: undefined reference to `operator new(unsigned)'
../mysys/libmysys.a(raid.o)(.text+0x189): In function
`my_raid_open':: undefined reference to `operator delete(void*)'
../mysys/libmysys.a(raid.o)(.text+0x64b): In function
`my_raid_close':: undefined reference to `operator delete(void*)'
collect2: ld returned 1 exit status
```
If your compilation fails with errors such as any of the following, you must upgrade your version of make to GNU make:
```
making all in mit-pthreads
make: Fatal error in reader: Makefile, line 18:
Badly formed macro assignment
```
Or:
```
make: file `Makefile' line 18: Must be a separator (:
```
Or:
```
pthread.h: No such file or directory
```
Solaris and FreeBSD are known to have troublesome make programs.
GNU make 3.75 is known to work.
If you want to define flags to be used by your C or C++ compilers, do so by adding the flags to the CFLAGS and CXXFLAGS environment variables. You can also specify the compiler names this way using CC and CXX. For example:
```
shell> CC=gcc
shell> CFLAGS=-O3
shell> CXX=gcc
shell> CXXFLAGS=-O3
shell> export CC CFLAGS CXX CXXFLAGS
```
See Section 2.1.2.4, “MySQL Binaries Compiled by Sun Microsystems, Inc.”, for a list of flag definitions that have been found to be useful on various systems.
If you get errors such as those shown here when compiling mysqld, configure did not correctly detect the type of the last argument to accept(), getsockname(), or getpeername():
```
cxx: Error: mysqld.cc, line 645: In this statement, the referenced
     type of the pointer value ''length'' is ''unsigned long'',
     which is not compatible with ''int''.
new_sock = accept(sock, (struct sockaddr *)&cAddr, &length);
```
To fix this, edit the config.h file (which is generated by configure). Look for these lines:
```
/* Define as the base type of the last arg to accept */
#define SOCKET_SIZE_TYPE XXX
```
Change XXX to size_t or int, depending on your operating system. (You must do this each time you run configure because configure regenerates config.h.)
The sql_yacc.cc file is generated from sql_yacc.yy. Normally, the build process does not need to create sql_yacc.cc because MySQL comes with a pre-generated copy. However, if you do need to re-create it, you might encounter this error:
```
"sql_yacc.yy", line xxx fatal: default action causes potential...
```
This is a sign that your version of yacc is deficient. You probably need to install bison (the GNU version of yacc) and use that instead.
On Debian Linux 3.0, you need to install gawk instead of the default mawk if you want to compile MySQL 4.1 or higher with Berkeley DB support.
If you need to debug mysqld or a MySQL client, run configure with the --with-debug option, and then recompile and link your clients with the new client library. See MySQL Internals: Porting.
If you get a compilation error on Linux (for example, SuSE Linux 8.1 or Red Hat Linux 7.3) similar to the following one, you probably do not have g++ installed:
```
libmysql.c:1329: warning: passing arg 5 of `gethostbyname_r' from
incompatible pointer type
libmysql.c:1329: too few arguments to function `gethostbyname_r'
libmysql.c:1329: warning: assignment makes pointer from integer
without a cast
make[2]: *** [libmysql.lo] Error 1
```
By default, the configure script attempts to determine the correct number of arguments by using g++ (the GNU C++ compiler). This test yields incorrect results if g++ is not installed. There are two ways to work around this problem:
- Make sure that the GNU C++ g++ is installed. On some Linux distributions, the required package is called gpp; on others, it is named gcc-c++.
- Use gcc as your C++ compiler by setting the CXX environment variable to gcc:
```
export CXX="gcc"
```
You must run configure again after making either of those changes.

2.9.5. MIT-pthreads Notes

This section describes some of the issues involved in using MIT-pthreads.

On Linux, you should not use MIT-pthreads. Use the installed LinuxThreads implementation instead. See Section 2.12.1, “Linux Notes”.

If your system does not provide native thread support, you should build MySQL using the MIT-pthreads package. This includes older FreeBSD systems, SunOS 4.x, Solaris 2.4 and earlier, and some others. See Section 2.1.1, “Operating Systems On Which MySQL Is Known To Run”.

Beginning with MySQL 4.0.2, MIT-pthreads is no longer part of the source distribution. If you require this package, you need to download it separately from http://dev.mysql.com/Downloads/Contrib/pthreads-1_60_beta6-mysql.tar.gz

After downloading, extract this source archive into the top level of the MySQL source directory. It creates a new subdirectory named mit-pthreads.

On most systems, you can force MIT-pthreads to be used by running configure with the --with-mit-threads option:
```
shell> ./configure --with-mit-threads
```
Building in a nonsource directory is not supported when using MIT-pthreads because we want to minimize our changes to this code.
The checks that determine whether to use MIT-pthreads occur only during the part of the configuration process that deals with the server code. If you have configured the distribution using --without-server to build only the client code, clients do not know whether MIT-pthreads is being used and use Unix socket file connections by default. Because Unix socket files do not work under MIT-pthreads on some platforms, this means you need to use -h or --host with a value other than localhost when you run client programs.
When MySQL is compiled using MIT-pthreads, system locking is disabled by default for performance reasons. You can tell the server to use system locking with the --external-locking option. This is needed only if you want to be able to run two MySQL servers against the same data files, but that is not recommended, anyway.
Sometimes the pthread bind() command fails to bind to a socket without any error message (at least on Solaris). The result is that all connections to the server fail. For example:
```
shell> mysqladmin version
mysqladmin: connect to server at '' failed;
error: 'Can't connect to mysql server on localhost (146)'
```
The solution to this problem is to kill the mysqld server and restart it. This has happened to us only when we forced the server to shut down and then restarted it immediately.
With MIT-pthreads, the sleep() system call isn't interruptible with SIGINT (break). This is noticeable only when you run mysqladmin --sleep. You must wait for the sleep() call to terminate before the interrupt is served and the process stops.

When linking, you might receive warning messages like these (at least on Solaris); they can be ignored:

ld: warning: symbol `_iob' has differing sizes:
    (file /my/local/pthreads/lib/libpthread.a(findfp.o) value=0x4;
file /usr/lib/libc.so value=0x140);
    /my/local/pthreads/lib/libpthread.a(findfp.o) definition taken
ld: warning: symbol `__iob' has differing sizes:
    (file /my/local/pthreads/lib/libpthread.a(findfp.o) value=0x4;
file /usr/lib/libc.so value=0x140);
    /my/local/pthreads/lib/libpthread.a(findfp.o) definition taken

Some other warnings also can be ignored:

implicit declaration of function `int strtoll(...)'
implicit declaration of function `int strtoul(...)'

We have not gotten readline to work with MIT-pthreads. (This is not needed, but may be interesting for someone.)

2.9.6. Installing MySQL from Source on Windows

2.9.6.1. Building MySQL from Source Using VC++
2.9.6.2. Creating a Windows Source Package from the Latest Development Source

These instructions describe how to build binaries from source for MySQL 4.1 on Windows. Instructions are provided building binaries from a standard source distribution or from the Bazaar tree that contains the latest development source.

Note

The instructions here are strictly for users who want to test MySQL on Microsoft Windows from the latest source distribution or from the Bazaar tree. For production use, we do not advise using a MySQL server built by yourself from source. Normally, it is best to use precompiled binary distributions of MySQL that are built specifically for optimal performance on Windows by Sun Microsystems, Inc. Instructions for installing binary distributions are available in Section 2.3, “Installing MySQL on Windows”.

To build MySQL on Windows from source, you must satisfy the following system, compiler, and resource requirements:

Windows XP, Windows 2000, or newer version
Visual Studio .Net 2003 (7.1) compiler system
3GB to 5GB of disk space

The exact system requirements can be found here: http://msdn.microsoft.com/vstudio/Previous/2003/sysreqs/default.aspx

You also need a MySQL source distribution for Windows, which can be obtained two ways:

Obtain a Windows source distribution packaged for the particular version of MySQL in which you are interested. These are available from http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/.
Package a source distribution yourself from the latest Bazaar developer source tree. If you plan to do this, you must create the package on a Unix system and then transfer it to your Windows system. (Some of the configuration and build steps require tools that work only on Unix.) The Bazaar approach thus requires:
- A system running Unix, or a Unix-like system such as Linux.
- Bazaar installed on that system. See Section 2.9.3, “Installing from the Development Source Tree”, for instructions how to download and install Bazaar.

If you are using a Windows source distribution, you can go directly to Section 2.9.6.1, “Building MySQL from Source Using VC++”. To build from the Bazaar tree, proceed to Section 2.9.6.2, “Creating a Windows Source Package from the Latest Development Source”.

If you find something not working as expected, or you have suggestions about ways to improve the current build process on Windows, please send a message to the win32 mailing list. See Section 1.5.1, “MySQL Mailing Lists”.

2.9.6.1. Building MySQL from Source Using VC++

Note

VC++ workspace files for MySQL 4.1 and above are compatible with Microsoft Visual Studio 7.1 and tested by MySQL AB staff before each release.

Follow this procedure to build MySQL:

Create a work directory (for example, C:\workdir).
Unpack the source distribution in the aforementioned directory using WinZip or other Windows tool that can read .zip files.
Start Visual Studio .Net 2003 (7.1).
From the File menu, select Open Solution....
Open the mysql.sln solution you find in the work directory.
From the Build menu, select Configuration Manager....
In the Active Solution Configuration pop-up menu, select the configuration to use. You likely want to use one of nt (normal server, not for Windows 98/ME), Max nt (more engines and features, not for 98/ME) or Debug configuration.
From the Build menu, select Build Solution.
Debug versions of the programs and libraries are placed in the client_debug and lib_debug directories. Release versions of the programs and libraries are placed in the client_release and lib_release directories.
Test the server. The server built using the preceding instructions expects that the MySQL base directory and data directory are C:\mysql and C:\mysql\data by default. If you want to test your server using the source tree root directory and its data directory as the base directory and data directory, you need to tell the server their path names. You can either do this on the command line with the --basedir and --datadir options, or by placing appropriate options in an option file. (See Section 4.2.3.3, “Using Option Files”.) If you have an existing data directory elsewhere that you want to use, you can specify its path name instead.
Start your server from the client_release or client_debug directory, depending on which server you built or want to use. The general server startup instructions are in Section 2.3, “Installing MySQL on Windows”. You must adapt the instructions appropriately if you want to use a different base directory or data directory.
When the server is running in standalone fashion or as a service based on your configuration, try to connect to it from the mysql interactive command-line utility that exists in your client_release or client_debug directory.

When you are satisfied that the programs you have built are working correctly, stop the server. Then install MySQL as follows:

Create the directories where you want to install MySQL. For example, to install into C:\mysql, use these commands:
```
shell> mkdir C:\mysql
shell> mkdir C:\mysql\bin
shell> mkdir C:\mysql\data
shell> mkdir C:\mysql\share
shell> mkdir C:\mysql\scripts
```
If you want to compile other clients and link them to MySQL, you should also create several additional directories:
```
shell> mkdir C:\mysql\include
shell> mkdir C:\mysql\lib
shell> mkdir C:\mysql\lib\debug
shell> mkdir C:\mysql\lib\opt
```
If you want to benchmark MySQL, create this directory:
```
shell> mkdir C:\mysql\sql-bench
```
Benchmarking requires Perl support. See Section 2.14, “Perl Installation Notes”.

From the workdir directory, copy into the C:\mysql directory the following directories:

shell> cd \workdir
C:\workdir> copy client_release\*.exe C:\mysql\bin
C:\workdir> copy client_debug\mysqld.exe C:\mysql\bin\mysqld-debug.exe
C:\workdir> xcopy scripts\*.* C:\mysql\scripts /E
C:\workdir> xcopy share\*.* C:\mysql\share /E

If you want to compile other clients and link them to MySQL, you should also copy several libraries and header files:

C:\workdir> copy lib_debug\mysqlclient.lib C:\mysql\lib\debug
C:\workdir> copy lib_debug\libmysql.* C:\mysql\lib\debug
C:\workdir> copy lib_debug\zlib.* C:\mysql\lib\debug
C:\workdir> copy lib_release\mysqlclient.lib C:\mysql\lib\opt
C:\workdir> copy lib_release\libmysql.* C:\mysql\lib\opt
C:\workdir> copy lib_release\zlib.* C:\mysql\lib\opt
C:\workdir> copy include\*.h C:\mysql\include
C:\workdir> copy libmysql\libmysql.def C:\mysql\include

If you want to benchmark MySQL, you should also do this:

C:\workdir> xcopy sql-bench\*.* C:\mysql\bench /E

After installation, set up and start the server in the same way as for binary Windows distributions. See Section 2.3, “Installing MySQL on Windows”.

2.9.6.2. Creating a Windows Source Package from the Latest Development Source

To create a Windows source package from the current Bazaar source tree, use the instructions here. This procedure must be performed on a system running a Unix or Unix-like operating system because some of the configuration and build steps require tools that work only on Unix. For example, the following procedure is known to work well on Linux.

Copy the Bazaar source tree for MySQL 4.1. For instructions on how to do this, see Section 2.9.3, “Installing from the Development Source Tree”.
Configure and build the distribution so that you have a server binary to work with. One way to do this is to run the following command in the top-level directory of your source tree:
```
shell> ./BUILD/compile-pentium-max
```
After making sure that the build process completed successfully, run the following utility script from top-level directory of your source tree:
```
shell> ./scripts/make_win_src_distribution
```
This script creates a Windows source package to be used on your Windows system. You can supply different options to the script based on your needs. See Section 4.4.2, “make_win_src_distribution — Create Source Distribution for Windows”, for a list of allowable options.
By default, make_win_src_distribution creates a Zip-format archive with the name mysql-VERSION-win-src.zip, where VERSION represents the version of your MySQL source tree.
Copy or upload the Windows source package that you have just created to your Windows machine. To compile it, use the instructions in Section 2.9.6.1, “Building MySQL from Source Using VC++”.

2.9.7. Compiling MySQL Clients on Windows

In your source files, you should include my_global.h before mysql.h:

#include <my_global.h>
#include <mysql.h>

my_global.h includes any other files needed for Windows compatibility (such as windows.h) if you compile your program on Windows.

You can either link your code with the dynamic libmysql.lib library, which is just a wrapper to load in libmysql.dll on demand, or link with the static mysqlclient.lib library.

The MySQL client libraries are compiled as threaded libraries, so you should also compile your code to be multi-threaded.

2.10. Post-Installation Setup and Testing

2.10.1. Windows Post-Installation Procedures
2.10.2. Unix Post-Installation Procedures
2.10.3. Securing the Initial MySQL Accounts

After installing MySQL, there are some issues that you should address. For example, on Unix, you should initialize the data directory and create the MySQL grant tables. On all platforms, an important security concern is that the initial accounts in the grant tables have no passwords. You should assign passwords to prevent unauthorized access to the MySQL server. Optionally, for MySQL 4.1.3 and up, you can create time zone tables to enable recognition of named time zones.

The following sections include post-installation procedures that are specific to Windows systems and to Unix systems. Another section, Section 2.10.2.3, “Starting and Troubleshooting the MySQL Server”, applies to all platforms; it describes what to do if you have trouble getting the server to start. Section 2.10.3, “Securing the Initial MySQL Accounts”, also applies to all platforms. You should follow its instructions to make sure that you have properly protected your MySQL accounts by assigning passwords to them.

When you are ready to create additional user accounts, you can find information on the MySQL access control system and account management in Section 5.5, “The MySQL Access Privilege System”, and Section 5.6, “MySQL User Account Management”.

2.10.1. Windows Post-Installation Procedures

On Windows, the data directory and the grant tables do not have to be created. MySQL Windows distributions include the grant tables with a set of preinitialized accounts in the mysql database under the data directory. It is unnecessary to run the mysql_install_db script that is used on Unix. Regarding passwords, if you installed MySQL using the Windows Installation Wizard, you may have already assigned passwords to the accounts. (See Section 2.3.3, “Using the MySQL Installation Wizard”.) Otherwise, use the password-assignment procedure given in Section 2.10.3, “Securing the Initial MySQL Accounts”.

Before setting up passwords, you might want to try running some client programs to make sure that you can connect to the server and that it is operating properly. Make sure that the server is running (see Section 2.3.9, “Starting the Server for the First Time”), and then issue the following commands to verify that you can retrieve information from the server. The output should be similar to what is shown here:

shell> C:\mysql\bin\mysqlshow
+-----------+
| Databases |
+-----------+
| mysql     |
| test      |
+-----------+

shell> C:\mysql\bin\mysqlshow mysql
Database: mysql
+---------------------------+
|          Tables           |
+---------------------------+
| columns_priv              |
| db                        |
| func                      |
| help_category             |
| help_keyword              |
| help_relation             |
| help_topic                |
| host                      |
| tables_priv               |
| time_zone                 |
| time_zone_leap_second     |
| time_zone_name            |
| time_zone_transition      |
| time_zone_transition_type |
| user                      |
+---------------------------+

shell> C:\mysql\bin\mysql -e "SELECT Host,Db,User FROM db" mysql
+------+-------+------+
| host | db    | user |
+------+-------+------+
| %    | test% |      |
+------+-------+------+

You may need to specify a different directory from the one shown; if you used the Windows Installation Wizard, then the default directory is C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 4.1, and the mysql and mysqlshow client programs are in C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 4.1\bin. See Section 2.3.3, “Using the MySQL Installation Wizard”, for more information.

If you have already secured the initial MySQL accounts, you may need to use the -u and -p options to supply a user name and password to the mysqlshow and mysql client programs; otherwise the programs may fail with an error, or you may not be able to view all databases. For example, if you have assigned the password “secretpass” to the MySQL root account, then you can invoke mysqlshow and mysql as shown here:

shell> C:\mysql\bin\mysqlshow -uroot -psecretpass
+-----------+
| Databases |
+-----------+
| mysql     |
| test      |
+-----------+

shell> C:\mysql\bin\mysqlshow -uroot -psecretpass mysql
Database: mysql
+---------------------------+
|          Tables           |
+---------------------------+
| columns_priv              |
| db                        |
| func                      |
| help_category             |
| help_keyword              |
| help_relation             |
| help_topic                |
| host                      |
| tables_priv               |
| time_zone                 |
| time_zone_leap_second     |
| time_zone_name            |
| time_zone_transition      |
| time_zone_transition_type |
| user                      |
+---------------------------+

shell> C:\mysql\bin\mysql -uroot -psecretpass -e "SELECT Host,Db,User FROM db" mysql
+------+-------+------+
| host | db    | user |
+------+-------+------+
| %    | test% |      |
+------+-------+------+

For more information about these programs, see Section 4.5.6, “mysqlshow — Display Database, Table, and Column Information”, and Section 4.5.1, “mysql — The MySQL Command-Line Tool”.

If you are running a version of Windows that supports services and you want the MySQL server to run automatically when Windows starts, see Section 2.3.11, “Starting MySQL as a Windows Service”.

2.10.2. Unix Post-Installation Procedures

2.10.2.1. Problems Running mysql_install_db
2.10.2.2. Starting and Stopping MySQL Automatically
2.10.2.3. Starting and Troubleshooting the MySQL Server

After installing MySQL on Unix, you need to initialize the grant tables, start the server, and make sure that the server works satisfactorily. You may also wish to arrange for the server to be started and stopped automatically when your system starts and stops. You should also assign passwords to the accounts in the grant tables.

On Unix, the grant tables are set up by the mysql_install_db program. For some installation methods, this program is run for you automatically:

If you install MySQL on Linux using RPM distributions, the server RPM runs mysql_install_db.
If you install MySQL on Mac OS X using a PKG distribution, the installer runs mysql_install_db.

Otherwise, you will need to run mysql_install_db yourself.

The following procedure describes how to initialize the grant tables (if that has not previously been done) and then start the server. It also suggests some commands that you can use to test whether the server is accessible and working properly. For information about starting and stopping the server automatically, see Section 2.10.2.2, “Starting and Stopping MySQL Automatically”.

After you complete the procedure and have the server running, you should assign passwords to the accounts created by mysql_install_db. Instructions for doing so are given in Section 2.10.3, “Securing the Initial MySQL Accounts”.

In the examples shown here, the server runs under the user ID of the mysql login account. This assumes that such an account exists. Either create the account if it does not exist, or substitute the name of a different existing login account that you plan to use for running the server.

Change location into the top-level directory of your MySQL installation, represented here by BASEDIR:
```
shell> cd BASEDIR
```
BASEDIR is likely to be something like /usr/local/mysql or /usr/local. The following steps assume that you are located in this directory.
If necessary, run the mysql_install_db program to set up the initial MySQL grant tables containing the privileges that determine how users are allowed to connect to the server. You'll need to do this if you used a distribution type for which the installation procedure doesn't run the program for you.
Typically, mysql_install_db needs to be run only the first time you install MySQL, so you can skip this step if you are upgrading an existing installation, However, mysql_install_db does not overwrite any existing privilege tables, so it should be safe to run in any circumstances.
To initialize the grant tables, use one of the following commands, depending on whether mysql_install_db is located in the bin or scripts directory:
```
shell> bin/mysql_install_db --user=mysql
shell> scripts/mysql_install_db --user=mysql
```
It might be necessary to specify other options such as --basedir or --datadir if mysql_install_db does not use the correct locations for the installation directory or data directory. For example:
```
shell> bin/mysql_install_db --user=mysql \
         --basedir=/opt/mysql/mysql \
         --datadir=/opt/mysql/mysql/data
```
The mysql_install_db script creates the server's data directory. Under the data directory, it creates directories for the mysql database that holds all database privileges and the test database that you can use to test MySQL. The script also creates privilege table entries for root and anonymous-user accounts. The accounts have no passwords initially. A description of their initial privileges is given in Section 2.10.3, “Securing the Initial MySQL Accounts”. Briefly, these privileges allow the MySQL root user to do anything, and allow anybody to create or use databases with a name of test or starting with test_.
It is important to make sure that the database directories and files are owned by the mysql login account so that the server has read and write access to them when you run it later. To ensure this, the --user option should be used as shown if you run mysql_install_db as root. Otherwise, you should execute the script while logged in as mysql, in which case you can omit the --user option from the command.
mysql_install_db creates several tables in the mysql database: user, db, host, tables_priv, columns_priv, func, and possibly others depending on your version of MySQL.
If you do not want to have the test database, you can remove it with mysqladmin -u root drop test after starting the server.
If you have trouble with mysql_install_db at this point, see Section 2.10.2.1, “Problems Running mysql_install_db”.
Start the MySQL server:
```
shell> bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql &
```
For versions of MySQL older than 4.0, substitute bin/safe_mysqld for bin/mysqld_safe in this command.
It is important that the MySQL server be run using an unprivileged (non-root) login account. To ensure this, the --user option should be used as shown if you run mysqld_safe as root. Otherwise, you should execute the script while logged in as mysql, in which case you can omit the --user option from the command.
Further instructions for running MySQL as an unprivileged user are given in Section 5.4.5, “How to Run MySQL as a Normal User”.
If you neglected to create the grant tables before proceeding to this step, the following message appears in the error log file when you start the server:
```
mysqld: Can't find file: 'host.frm'
```
If you have other problems starting the server, see Section 2.10.2.3, “Starting and Troubleshooting the MySQL Server”.

Use mysqladmin to verify that the server is running. The following commands provide simple tests to check whether the server is up and responding to connections:

shell> bin/mysqladmin version
shell> bin/mysqladmin variables

The output from mysqladmin version varies slightly depending on your platform and version of MySQL, but should be similar to that shown here:

shell> bin/mysqladmin version
mysqladmin  Ver 14.7 Distrib 4.1.19, for linux on i586
...

Server version          4.1.19-max
Protocol version        10
Connection              Localhost via Unix socket
TCP port                3306
UNIX socket             var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
Uptime:                 5 days 19 hours 19 min 0 sec

Threads: 1  Questions: 163  Slow queries: 0
Opens: 11  Flush tables:1  Open tables: 0  Queries per second avg: 0.007
Threads: 1  Questions: 9  Slow queries: 0

To see what else you can do with mysqladmin, invoke it with the --help option.

Verify that you can shut down the server:
```
shell> bin/mysqladmin -u root shutdown
```
Verify that you can start the server again. Do this by using mysqld_safe or by invoking mysqld directly. For example:
```
shell> bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql --log &
```
If mysqld_safe fails, see Section 2.10.2.3, “Starting and Troubleshooting the MySQL Server”.

Run some simple tests to verify that you can retrieve information from the server. The output should be similar to what is shown here:

shell> bin/mysqlshow
+-----------+
| Databases |
+-----------+
| mysql     |
| test      |
+-----------+

shell> bin/mysqlshow mysql
Database: mysql
+--------------+
|    Tables    |
+--------------+
| columns_priv |
| db           |
| func         |
| host         |
| tables_priv  |
| user         |
+--------------+

shell> bin/mysql -e "SELECT Host,Db,User FROM db" mysql
+------+--------+------+
| host | db     | user |
+------+--------+------+
| %    | test   |      |
| %    | test_% |      |
+------+--------+------+

There is a benchmark suite in the sql-bench directory (under the MySQL installation directory) that you can use to compare how MySQL performs on different platforms. The benchmark suite is written in Perl. It requires the Perl DBI module that provides a database-independent interface to the various databases, and some other additional Perl modules:
```
DBI
DBD::mysql
Data::Dumper
Data::ShowTable
```
These modules can be obtained from CPAN (http://www.cpan.org/). See Section 2.14.1, “Installing Perl on Unix”.
The sql-bench/Results directory contains the results from many runs against different databases and platforms. To run all tests, execute these commands:
```
shell> cd sql-bench
shell> perl run-all-tests
```
If you do not have the sql-bench directory, you probably installed MySQL using RPM files other than the source RPM. (The source RPM includes the sql-bench benchmark directory.) In this case, you must first install the benchmark suite before you can use it. Beginning with MySQL 3.22, there are separate benchmark RPM files named mysql-bench-VERSION.i386.rpm that contain benchmark code and data.
If you have a source distribution, there are also tests in its tests subdirectory that you can run. For example, to run auto_increment.tst, execute this command from the top-level directory of your source distribution:
```
shell> mysql -vvf test < ./tests/auto_increment.tst
```
The expected result of the test can be found in the ./tests/auto_increment.res file.
At this point, you should have the server running. However, none of the initial MySQL accounts have a password, so you should assign passwords using the instructions found in Section 2.10.3, “Securing the Initial MySQL Accounts”.

As of MySQL 4.1.3, the installation procedure creates time zone tables in the mysql database. However, you must populate the tables manually using the instructions in Section 9.7, “MySQL Server Time Zone Support”.

2.10.2.1. Problems Running mysql_install_db

The purpose of the mysql_install_db script is to generate new MySQL privilege tables. It does not overwrite existing MySQL privilege tables, and it does not affect any other data.

If you want to re-create your privilege tables, first stop the mysqld server if it is running. Then rename the mysql directory under the data directory to save it, and then run mysql_install_db. Suppose that your current directory is the MySQL installation directory and that mysql_install_db is located in the bin directory and the data directory is named data. To rename the mysql database and re-run mysql_install_db, use these commands.

shell> mv data/mysql data/mysql.old
shell> bin/mysql_install_db --user=mysql

When you run mysql_install_db, you might encounter the following problems:

mysql_install_db does not install the grant tables
You may find that mysql_install_db fails to install the grant tables and terminates after displaying the following messages:
```
Starting mysqld daemon with databases from XXXXXX
mysqld ended
```
In this case, you should examine the error log file very carefully. The log should be located in the directory XXXXXX named by the error message and should indicate why mysqld didn't start. If you do not understand what happened, include the log when you post a bug report. See Section 1.6, “How to Report Bugs or Problems”.
There is a mysqld process running
This indicates that the server is running, in which case the grant tables have probably been created already. If so, there is no need to run mysql_install_db at all because it needs to be run only once (when you install MySQL the first time).
Installing a second mysqld server does not work when one server is running
This can happen when you have an existing MySQL installation, but want to put a new installation in a different location. For example, you might have a production installation, but you want to create a second installation for testing purposes. Generally the problem that occurs when you try to run a second server is that it tries to use a network interface that is in use by the first server. In this case, you should see one of the following error messages:
```
Can't start server: Bind on TCP/IP port:
Address already in use
Can't start server: Bind on unix socket...
```
For instructions on setting up multiple servers, see Section 5.7, “Running Multiple MySQL Servers on the Same Machine”.
You do not have write access to the /tmp directory
If you do not have write access to create temporary files or a Unix socket file in the default location (the /tmp directory), an error occurs when you run mysql_install_db or the mysqld server.
You can specify different locations for the temporary directory and Unix socket file by executing these commands prior to starting mysql_install_db or mysqld, where some_tmp_dir is the full path name to some directory for which you have write permission:
```
shell> TMPDIR=/some_tmp_dir/
shell> MYSQL_UNIX_PORT=/some_tmp_dir/mysql.sock
shell> export TMPDIR MYSQL_UNIX_PORT
```
Then you should be able to run mysql_install_db and start the server with these commands:
```
shell> bin/mysql_install_db --user=mysql
shell> bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql &
```
If mysql_install_db is located in the scripts directory, modify the first command to use scripts/mysql_install_db.
See Section A.1.4.5, “How to Protect or Change the MySQL Unix Socket File”, and Section 2.13, “Environment Variables”.

There are some alternatives to running the mysql_install_db script provided in the MySQL distribution:

If you want the initial privileges to be different from the standard defaults, you can modify mysql_install_db before you run it. However, a preferable technique is to use GRANT and REVOKE to change the privileges after the grant tables have been set up. In other words, you can run mysql_install_db, and then use mysql -u root mysql to connect to the server as the MySQL root user so that you can issue the GRANT and REVOKE statements.
If you want to install MySQL on several machines with the same privileges, you can put the GRANT and REVOKE statements in a file and execute the file as a script using mysql after running mysql_install_db. For example:
```
shell> bin/mysql_install_db --user=mysql
shell> bin/mysql -u root < your_script_file
```
By doing this, you can avoid having to issue the statements manually on each machine.
It is possible to re-create the grant tables completely after they have previously been created. You might want to do this if you are just learning how to use GRANT and REVOKE and have made so many modifications after running mysql_install_db that you want to wipe out the tables and start over.
To re-create the grant tables, remove all the .frm, .MYI, and .MYD files in the mysql database directory. Then run the mysql_install_db script again.
Note
For MySQL versions older than 3.22.10, you should not delete the .frm files. If you accidentally do this, you should copy them back into the mysql directory from your MySQL distribution before running mysql_install_db.
You can start mysqld manually using the --skip-grant-tables option and add the privilege information yourself using mysql:
```
shell> bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql --skip-grant-tables &
shell> bin/mysql mysql
```
From mysql, manually execute the SQL commands contained in mysql_install_db. Make sure that you run mysqladmin flush-privileges or mysqladmin reload afterward to tell the server to reload the grant tables.
Note that by not using mysql_install_db, you not only have to populate the grant tables manually, you also have to create them first.

2.10.2.2. Starting and Stopping MySQL Automatically

Generally, you start the mysqld server in one of these ways:

By invoking mysqld directly. This works on any platform.
By running the MySQL server as a Windows service. This can be done on versions of Windows that support services (such as NT, 2000, XP, and 2003). The service can be set to start the server automatically when Windows starts, or as a manual service that you start on request. For instructions, see Section 2.3.11, “Starting MySQL as a Windows Service”.
By invoking mysqld_safe, which tries to determine the proper options for mysqld and then runs it with those options. This script is used on Unix and Unix-like systems. See Section 4.3.2, “mysqld_safe — MySQL Server Startup Script”.
By invoking mysql.server. This script is used primarily at system startup and shutdown on systems that use System V-style run directories, where it usually is installed under the name mysql. The mysql.server script starts the server by invoking mysqld_safe. See Section 4.3.3, “mysql.server — MySQL Server Startup Script”.
On Mac OS X, you can install a separate MySQL Startup Item package to enable the automatic startup of MySQL on system startup. The Startup Item starts the server by invoking mysql.server. See Section 2.5, “Installing MySQL on Mac OS X”, for details.

The mysqld_safe and mysql.server scripts and the Mac OS X Startup Item can be used to start the server manually, or automatically at system startup time. mysql.server and the Startup Item also can be used to stop the server.

To start or stop the server manually using the mysql.server script, invoke it with start or stop arguments:

shell> mysql.server start
shell> mysql.server stop

Before mysql.server starts the server, it changes location to the MySQL installation directory, and then invokes mysqld_safe. If you want the server to run as some specific user, add an appropriate user option to the [mysqld] group of the /etc/my.cnf option file, as shown later in this section. (It is possible that you will need to edit mysql.server if you've installed a binary distribution of MySQL in a nonstandard location. Modify it to cd into the proper directory before it runs mysqld_safe. If you do this, your modified version of mysql.server may be overwritten if you upgrade MySQL in the future, so you should make a copy of your edited version that you can reinstall.)

mysql.server stop stops the server by sending a signal to it. You can also stop the server manually by executing mysqladmin shutdown.

To start and stop MySQL automatically on your server, you need to add start and stop commands to the appropriate places in your /etc/rc* files.

If you use the Linux server RPM package (MySQL-server-VERSION.rpm), the mysql.server script is installed in the /etc/init.d directory with the name mysql. You need not install it manually. See Section 2.4, “Installing MySQL from RPM Packages on Linux”, for more information on the Linux RPM packages.

Some vendors provide RPM packages that install a startup script under a different name such as mysqld.

If you install MySQL from a source distribution or using a binary distribution format that does not install mysql.server automatically, you can install it manually. The script can be found in the support-files directory under the MySQL installation directory or in a MySQL source tree.

To install mysql.server manually, copy it to the /etc/init.d directory with the name mysql, and then make it executable. Do this by changing location into the appropriate directory where mysql.server is located and executing these commands:

shell> cp mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysql
shell> chmod +x /etc/init.d/mysql

Older Red Hat systems use the /etc/rc.d/init.d directory rather than /etc/init.d. Adjust the preceding commands accordingly. Alternatively, first create /etc/init.d as a symbolic link that points to /etc/rc.d/init.d:

shell> cd /etc
shell> ln -s rc.d/init.d .

After installing the script, the commands needed to activate it to run at system startup depend on your operating system. On Linux, you can use chkconfig:

shell> chkconfig --add mysql

On some Linux systems, the following command also seems to be necessary to fully enable the mysql script:

shell> chkconfig --level 345 mysql on

On FreeBSD, startup scripts generally should go in /usr/local/etc/rc.d/. The rc(8) manual page states that scripts in this directory are executed only if their basename matches the *.sh shell file name pattern. Any other files or directories present within the directory are silently ignored. In other words, on FreeBSD, you should install the mysql.server script as /usr/local/etc/rc.d/mysql.server.sh to enable automatic startup.

As an alternative to the preceding setup, some operating systems also use /etc/rc.local or /etc/init.d/boot.local to start additional services on startup. To start up MySQL using this method, you could append a command like the one following to the appropriate startup file:

/bin/sh -c 'cd /usr/local/mysql; ./bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql &'

For other systems, consult your operating system documentation to see how to install startup scripts.

You can add options for mysql.server in a global /etc/my.cnf file. A typical /etc/my.cnf file might look like this:

[mysqld]
datadir=/usr/local/mysql/var
socket=/var/tmp/mysql.sock
port=3306
user=mysql

[mysql.server]
basedir=/usr/local/mysql

The mysql.server script supports the following options: basedir, datadir, and pid-file. If specified, they must be placed in an option file, not on the command line. mysql.server supports only start and stop as command-line arguments.

The following table shows which option groups the server and each startup script read from option files.

Script	Option Groups
mysqld	`[mysqld]`, `[server]`, `[mysqld-major_version]`
mysqld_safe	`[mysqld]`, `[server]`, `[mysqld_safe]`
mysql.server	`[mysqld]`, `[mysql.server]`, and as of MySQL 4.1.1, `[server]`

[mysqld-major_version] means that groups with names like [mysqld-4.0], [mysqld-4.1], and [mysqld-5.0] are read by servers having versions 4.0.x, 4.1.x, 5.0.x, and so forth. This feature was added in MySQL 4.0.14. It can be used to specify options that can be read only by servers within a given release series.

For backward compatibility, mysql.server also reads the [mysql_server] group and mysqld_safe also reads the [safe_mysqld] group. However, you should update your option files to use the [mysql.server] and [mysqld_safe] groups instead when you begin using MySQL 4.0 or later.

See Section 4.2.3.3, “Using Option Files”.

2.10.2.3. Starting and Troubleshooting the MySQL Server

This section provides troubleshooting suggestions for problems starting the server on Unix. If you are using Windows, see Section 2.3.13, “Troubleshooting a MySQL Installation Under Windows”.

If you have problems starting the server, here are some things to try:

Check the error log to see why the server does not start.
Specify any special options needed by the storage engines you are using.
Make sure that the server knows where to find the data directory.
Make sure that the server can access the data directory. The ownership and permissions of the data directory and its contents must be set such that the server can read and modify them.
Verify that the network interfaces the server wants to use are available.

Some storage engines have options that control their behavior. You can create a my.cnf file and specify startup options for the engines that you plan to use. If you are going to use storage engines that support transactional tables (InnoDB, BDB, NDB), be sure that you have them configured the way you want before starting the server:

MySQL Enterprise For expert advice on start-up options appropriate to your circumstances, subscribe to the MySQL Enterprise Monitor. For more information, see http://www.mysql.com/products/enterprise/advisors.html.

If you are using InnoDB tables, refer to the InnoDB-specific startup options. In MySQL 3.23, you must configure InnoDB explicitly or the server fails to start. From MySQL 4.0 on, InnoDB uses default values for its configuration options if you specify none. See Section 13.2.3, “InnoDB Configuration”.
If you are using BDB (Berkeley DB) tables, see Section 13.5.3, “BDB Startup Options”.
If you are using MySQL Cluster, see Section 15.3, “MySQL Cluster Configuration”.

Storage engines will use default option values if you specify none, but it is recommended that you review the available options and specify explicit values for those for which the defaults are not appropriate for your installation.

When the mysqld server starts, it changes location to the data directory. This is where it expects to find databases and where it expects to write log files. The server also writes the pid (process ID) file in the data directory.

The data directory location is hardwired in when the server is compiled. This is where the server looks for the data directory by default. If the data directory is located somewhere else on your system, the server will not work properly. You can determine what the default path settings are by invoking mysqld with the --verbose and --help options. (Prior to MySQL 4.1, omit the --verbose option.)

If the default locations don't match the MySQL installation layout on your system, you can override them by specifying options to mysqld or mysqld_safe on the command line or in an option file.

To specify the location of the data directory explicitly, use the --datadir option. However, normally you can tell mysqld the location of the base directory under which MySQL is installed and it looks for the data directory there. You can do this with the --basedir option.

To check the effect of specifying path options, invoke mysqld with those options followed by the --verbose and --help options. For example, if you change location into the directory where mysqld is installed and then run the following command, it shows the effect of starting the server with a base directory of /usr/local:

shell> ./mysqld --basedir=/usr/local --verbose --help

You can specify other options such as --datadir as well, but --verbose and --help must be the last options. (Prior to MySQL 4.1, omit the --verbose option.)

Once you determine the path settings you want, start the server without --verbose and --help.

If mysqld is currently running, you can find out what path settings it is using by executing this command:

shell> mysqladmin variables

Or:

shell> mysqladmin -h host_name variables

host_name is the name of the MySQL server host.

If you get Errcode 13 (which means Permission denied) when starting mysqld, this means that the privileges of the data directory or its contents do not allow the server access. In this case, you change the permissions for the involved files and directories so that the server has the right to use them. You can also start the server as root, but this raises security issues and should be avoided.

On Unix, change location into the data directory and check the ownership of the data directory and its contents to make sure the server has access. For example, if the data directory is /usr/local/mysql/var, use this command:

shell> ls -la /usr/local/mysql/var

If the data directory or its files or subdirectories are not owned by the login account that you use for running the server, change their ownership to that account. If the account is named mysql, use these commands:

shell> chown -R mysql /usr/local/mysql/var
shell> chgrp -R mysql /usr/local/mysql/var

If the server fails to start up correctly, check the error log. Log files are located in the data directory (typically C:\mysql\data on Windows, /usr/local/mysql/data for a Unix binary distribution, and /usr/local/var for a Unix source distribution). Look in the data directory for files with names of the form host_name.err and host_name.log, where host_name is the name of your server host. (Older servers on Windows use mysql.err as the error log name.) Then check the last few lines of these files. On Unix, you can use tail to display the last few lines:

shell> tail host_name.err
shell> tail host_name.log

The error log should contain information that indicates why the server couldn't start. For example, you might see something like this in the log:

000729 14:50:10  bdb:  Recovery function for LSN 1 27595 failed
000729 14:50:10  bdb:  warning: ./test/t1.db: No such file or directory
000729 14:50:10  Can't init databases

This means that you did not start mysqld with the --bdb-no-recover option and Berkeley DB found something wrong with its own log files when it tried to recover your databases. To be able to continue, you should move away the old Berkeley DB log files from the database directory to some other place, where you can later examine them. The BDB log files are named in sequence beginning with log.0000000001, where the number increases over time.

If you are running mysqld with BDB table support and mysqld dumps core at startup, this could be due to problems with the BDB recovery log. In this case, you can try starting mysqld with --bdb-no-recover. If that helps, you should remove all BDB log files from the data directory and try starting mysqld again without the --bdb-no-recover option.

If either of the following errors occur, it means that some other program (perhaps another mysqld server) is using the TCP/IP port or Unix socket file that mysqld is trying to use:

Can't start server: Bind on TCP/IP port: Address already in use
Can't start server: Bind on unix socket...

Use ps to determine whether you have another mysqld server running. If so, shut down the server before starting mysqld again. (If another server is running, and you really want to run multiple servers, you can find information about how to do so in Section 5.7, “Running Multiple MySQL Servers on the Same Machine”.)

If no other server is running, try to execute the command telnet your_host_name tcp_ip_port_number. (The default MySQL port number is 3306.) Then press Enter a couple of times. If you don't get an error message like telnet: Unable to connect to remote host: Connection refused, some other program is using the TCP/IP port that mysqld is trying to use. You'll need need to track down what program this is and disable it, or else to tell mysqld to listen on a different port with the --port option. In this case, you also need to specify the port number for client programs when connecting to the server via TCP/IP.

Another reason the port might be inaccessible is that you have a firewall running that blocks connections to it. If so, modify the firewall settings to allow access to the port.

If the server starts but you cannot connect to it, you should make sure that you have an entry in /etc/hosts that looks like this:

127.0.0.1       localhost

This problem occurs only on systems that do not have a working thread library and for which MySQL must be configured to use MIT-pthreads.

If you cannot get mysqld to start, you can try to make a trace file to find the problem by using the --debug option. See MySQL Internals: Porting.

2.10.3. Securing the Initial MySQL Accounts

Part of the MySQL installation process is to set up the mysql database that contains the grant tables:

Windows distributions contain preinitialized grant tables that are installed automatically.
On Unix, the grant tables are populated by the mysql_install_db program. Some installation methods run this program for you. Others require that you execute it manually. For details, see Section 2.10.2, “Unix Post-Installation Procedures”.

The grant tables define the initial MySQL user accounts and their access privileges. These accounts are set up as follows:

Accounts are created with the user name root. These are superuser accounts that can do anything. The initial root account passwords are empty, so anyone can connect to the MySQL server as root without a password and be granted all privileges.
- On Windows, prior to MySQL 4.1.10, two root accounts are created; one of these is for connecting from the local host and the other allows connections from any host. Beginning with MySQL 4.1.10, the Windows installer creates only one root account, which can connect from the local machine only. The Windows installer will optionally create an account allowing for connections from any host only if the user selects the Enable root access from remote machines option during installation.
- On Unix, both root accounts are for connections from the local host. Connections must be made from the local host by specifying a host name of localhost for one of the accounts, or the actual host name or IP number for the other.
Two anonymous-user accounts are created, each with an empty user name. The anonymous accounts have no password, so anyone can use them to connect to the MySQL server.
- On Windows, one anonymous account is for connections from the local host. It has all privileges, just like the root accounts. The other is for connections from any host and has all privileges for the test database and for other databases with names that start with test.
- On Unix, both anonymous accounts are for connections from the local host. Connections must be made from the local host by specifying a host name of localhost for one of the accounts, or the actual host name or IP number for the other. These accounts have all privileges for the test database and for other databases with names that start with test_.

As noted, none of the initial accounts have passwords. This means that your MySQL installation is unprotected until you do something about it:

If you want to prevent clients from connecting as anonymous users without a password, you should either assign a password to each anonymous account or else remove the accounts.
You should assign a password to each MySQL root account.

The following instructions describe how to set up passwords for the initial MySQL accounts, first for the anonymous accounts and then for the root accounts. Replace newpwd in the examples with the actual password that you want to use. The instructions also cover how to remove the anonymous accounts, should you prefer not to allow anonymous access at all.

You might want to defer setting the passwords until later, so that you don't need to specify them while you perform additional setup or testing. However, be sure to set them before using your installation for production purposes.

Anonymous Account Password Assignment

To assign passwords to the anonymous accounts, connect to the server as root and then use either SET PASSWORD or UPDATE. In either case, be sure to encrypt the password using the PASSWORD() function.

To use SET PASSWORD on Windows, do this:

shell> mysql -u root
mysql> SET PASSWORD FOR ''@'localhost' = PASSWORD('newpwd');
mysql> SET PASSWORD FOR ''@'%' = PASSWORD('newpwd');

To use SET PASSWORD on Unix, do this:

shell> mysql -u root
mysql> SET PASSWORD FOR ''@'localhost' = PASSWORD('newpwd');
mysql> SET PASSWORD FOR ''@'host_name' = PASSWORD('newpwd');

In the second SET PASSWORD statement, replace host_name with the name of the server host. This is the name that is specified in the Host column of the non-localhost record for root in the user table. If you do not know what host name this is, issue the following statement before using SET PASSWORD:

mysql> SELECT Host, User FROM mysql.user;

Look for the record that has root in the User column and something other than localhost in the Host column. Then use that Host value in the second SET PASSWORD statement.

The other way to assign passwords to the anonymous accounts is by using UPDATE to modify the user table directly. Connect to the server as root and issue an UPDATE statement that assigns a value to the Password column of the appropriate user table records. The procedure is the same for Windows and Unix. The following UPDATE statement assigns a password to both anonymous accounts at once:

shell> mysql -u root
mysql> UPDATE mysql.user SET Password = PASSWORD('newpwd')
    ->     WHERE User = '';
mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;

After you update the passwords in the user table directly using UPDATE, you must tell the server to re-read the grant tables with FLUSH PRIVILEGES. Otherwise, the change goes unnoticed until you restart the server.

Anonymous Account Removal

If you prefer to remove the anonymous accounts instead, do so as follows:

shell> mysql -u root
mysql> DELETE FROM mysql.user WHERE User = '';
mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;

The DELETE statement applies both to Windows and to Unix. On Windows, if you want to remove only the anonymous account that has the same privileges as root, do this instead:

shell> mysql -u root
mysql> DELETE FROM mysql.user WHERE Host='localhost' AND User='';
mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;

That account allows anonymous access but has full privileges, so removing it improves security.

root Account Password Assignment

You can assign passwords to the root accounts in several ways. The following discussion demonstrates three methods:

Use the SET PASSWORD statement
Use the mysqladmin command-line client program
Use the UPDATE statement

To assign passwords using SET PASSWORD, connect to the server as root and issue two SET PASSWORD statements. Be sure to encrypt the password using the PASSWORD() function.

For Windows, do this:

shell> <

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Chapter 2. Installing and Upgrading MySQL